Zur Kenntnis der Erscheinungen bei der Elektrolyse von Alkalichloridlösungen mit Diaphragma

Foerster, F.; Jorre, F.

doi:10.1002/zaac.19000230120

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Focusing presently on the chlorate production process, it is well-known that, among others, Oettel − and Foerster and co-workers ,− studied the fundamentals of chlorate formation during electrolysis of chloride solutions at the turn of the 20th century. This work might be traced to early German investigations into industrial-scale chlor-alkali electrolysis for production of, for example, caustic soda, which is said to have started in 1884 .…”

Section: Selectivity For Oxygen and Chlorine Evolution In Chlor-alkal...mentioning

confidence: 65%

“…During this time, it was also suggested that both reaction and direct oxidation of ClO – , the so-called primary chlorate formation, with no accompanying chloride formation, occurred simultaneously in alkaline solution, both reactions forming chlorate (the reaction is written as given by Foerster). This early research was conducted mainly using polished Pt electrodes, but experiments were also done with graphite electrodes, , rough Pt electrodes, and Pt–Ir alloy electrodes. , Foerster recommended the Pt–Ir electrode, rather than graphite, in chlorate and chlor-alkali production, based on its superior stability. These early studies were often careful and detailed studies of the chemistry, often including measurements of both evolved oxygen gas and liquid phase hypochlorite, chlorate, and perchlorate.…”

Section: Selectivity For Oxygen and Chlorine Evolution In Chlor-alkal...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This early research was conducted mainly using polished Pt electrodes, but experiments were also done with graphite electrodes, 123,126 rough Pt electrodes, 121 and Pt−Ir alloy electrodes. 117,123 was studied in detail by Oechsli. 127 Furthermore, the effects of temperature, pH, 121 chloride concentration, 121,128 current density, and current concentration 129 (the ratio between the total current and the volume of the electrolyzer cell) were reported in some detail in several of these publications.…”

Section: Studies On Oxygen Formation During Decomposition Of Hypochlo...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Selectivity between Oxygen and Chlorine Evolution in the Chlor-Alkali and Chlorate Processes

2016

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Chlorine gas and sodium chlorate are two base chemicals produced through electrolysis of sodium chloride brine which find uses in many areas of industrial chemistry. Although the industrial production of these chemicals started over 100 years ago, there are still factors that limit the energy efficiencies of the processes. This review focuses on the unwanted production of oxygen gas, which decreases the charge yield by up to 5%. Understanding the factors that control the rate of oxygen production requires understanding of both chemical reactions occurring in the electrolyte, as well as surface reactions occurring on the anodes. The dominant anode material used in chlorate and chlor-alkali production is the dimensionally stable anode (DSA), Ti coated by a mixed oxide of RuO2 and TiO2. Although the selectivity for chlorine evolution on DSA is high, the fundamental reasons for this high selectivity are just now becoming elucidated. This review summarizes the research, since the early 1900s until today, concerning the selectivity between chlorine and oxygen evolution in chlorate and chlor-alkali production. It covers experimental as well as theoretical studies and highlights the relationships between process conditions, electrolyte composition, the material properties of the anode, and the selectivity for oxygen formation.

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Section: Selectivity For Oxygen and Chlorine Evolution In Chlor-alkal...mentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Selectivity For Oxygen and Chlorine Evolution In Chlor-alkal...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Studies On Oxygen Formation During Decomposition Of Hypochlo...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Selectivity between Oxygen and Chlorine Evolution in the Chlor-Alkali and Chlorate Processes

2016

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Fibers, Regenerated Cellulosics

Woodings

2000

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Fibers manufactured from cellulose are either derivative or regenerated; historically they are designated man‐made fibers and distinguished from fibers based on synthetic organic polymers. A derivative fiber is one formed when a chemical derivative of a natural polymer, eg, cellulose, is prepared, dissolved, and extruded as a continuous filament, and the chemical nature of the derivative is retained after the fiber formation process. A regenerated fiber is one formed when a natural polymer, or its chemical derivative, is dissolved and extruded as a continuous filament, and the chemical nature of the natural polymer is either retained or regenerated after the fiber formation process. The difficulties of making solutions of natural cellulose from which fibers can be spun has led to most fabricated cellulosic fibers being regenerated from more readily soluble derivatives of cellulose. It is the technology of making these fibers that is the subject of this article. Textiles fibers and filaments composed of regenerated cellulose are called rayons. In Europe the fibers are now generally known as viscose; the term viscose rayon is used whenever confusion between the fiber and the cellulose xanthate solution (also called viscose) is possible. In addition to the viscose process, the cuprammonium rayon and direct dissolution processes are also covered. Fiber properties and environmental and commercial issues are discussed.

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Fibers, Regenerated Cellulose

Woodings¹

2003

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Fibers manufactured from cellulose are either derivative or regenerated; historically they are designated man‐made fibers and distinguished from fibers based on synthetic organic polymers. A derivative fiber is one formed when a chemical derivative of a natural polymer, eg, cellulose, is prepared, dissolved, and extruded as a continuous filament, and the chemical nature of the derivative is retained after the fiber formation process. A regenerated fiber is one formed when a natural polymer, or its chemical derivative, is dissolved and extruded as a continuous filament, and the chemical nature of the natural polymer is either retained or regenerated after the fiber formation process. The difficulties of making solutions of natural cellulose from which fibers can be spun has led to most fabricated cellulosic fibers being regenerated from more readily soluble derivatives of cellulose. It is the technology of making these fibers that is the subject of this article. Textile fibers and filaments composed of regenerated cellulose are called rayons. In Europe the fibers are now generally known as viscose; the term viscose rayon is used whenever confusion between the fiber and the cellulose xanthate solution (also called viscose) is possible. In addition to the viscose process, the cuprammonium rayon and direct dissolution processes are also covered. Fiber properties and environmental and commercial issues are discussed.

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Zur Kenntnis der Erscheinungen bei der Elektrolyse von Alkalichloridlösungen mit Diaphragma

Cited by 11 publications

References 5 publications

Selectivity between Oxygen and Chlorine Evolution in the Chlor-Alkali and Chlorate Processes

Selectivity between Oxygen and Chlorine Evolution in the Chlor-Alkali and Chlorate Processes

Fibers, Regenerated Cellulosics

Fibers, Regenerated Cellulose

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