Zur Physiologie, Klinik und zum Schicksal der Frühgeborenen

Variations in the Human Twinning Rate

“…The hazards of polytocia as limited factors have been emphasised by a num ber of authors (4,10,11,16). It would seem to be a m atter of general agreem ent th a t even in the countries of northw est Europe, not more than 20 to 50 per cent of all the twins conceived are alive at the end of the term of pregnancy.…”

“…In towns, the frequency of multiple births is lower than th at in the surrounding rural areas also when one compares the incidence among m others in the various age groups (12). In pregnancies with multiple zygotes, there exists increased risk of spontaneous abortion and prem aturity, together w ith high intrauterine m ortality and a high still-birth ratio (4,5,11,16). The social standing of mothers also has its significance in the prem aturity of twins, occurring more often in the lower social classes (4,11).…”

Limits of Human Viability in the United States: A Medicolegal Review

“…1 In 1935, the American Academy of Pediatrics defined a premature infant as one who weighed Ͻ2500 g at birth regardless of gestational age, 2 a standard first adopted in Europe in 1919. 3 Although no minimum weight for viability was established, 1250 g was frequently used and corresponded to an estimated gestational age (EGA) of 28 weeks. 2,4 In the mid-20th century, the addition of gestational age and crownto-heel length to assist with the definition of viability was advocated.…”

History of Neonatal Resuscitation – Part 2: Oxygen and Other Drugs

“…Pharyngeal oxygen administration became Ylppö's method of choice in 1919 [15] : 'A small Nélaton-catheter is inserted through the nose into the pharynx and a small, weak oxygen stream is conducted into the pharynx for shorter or longer periods of time as needed. Because of the rapid diffusion of oxygen it makes no sense to put a funnel in front of the infant's mouth.…”