µ-PIV Measurements of Flows Generated by Photolithography-Fabricated Achiral Microswimmers

Tan, Liyuan; Ali, Jamel; Cheang, U Kei; Shi, Xiangcheng; Kim, Dal Hyung; Kim, Min Jun

doi:10.3390/mi10120865

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…However, if the precession angle remains the same, the swimming speed of the achiral microswimmers in any fluid, Newtonian or not, will be very similar. Therefore, achiral planar microswimmers can swim in non-Newtonian fluids without hindrance by managing the change in precession angle, as was done in water 6 , 14 . We carried out effective motion control by maintaining similar precession angles in water and the MC solutions, as shown in the Fig S3 .…”

Section: Swimming In Viscous Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Magnetic microswimmers used for in vivo biomedical applications, such as drug delivery, minimally invasive surgery, and tissue engineering 1 , 2 , will encounter non-Newtonian biofluids 3 . While achiral planar microswimmers, which are 2D planar achiral-shaped structures capable of swimming in bulk fluid upon actuation by a rotating magnetic field, in Newtonian fluids have been studied extensively 4 – 6 , there are no reported studies on achiral planar microswimmers in non-Newtonian fluids. Past studies of microswimmers in non-Newtonian fluids focused on spiral-type microswimmers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The three-beads microswimmers demonstrated that achiral microswimmers could acquire chirality and achieve forward motion under rotating magnetic field 13 . Moreover, their swimming ability and hydrodynamics have been demonstrated through experiments 6 , 14 . It was theoretically demonstrated that achiral planar shapes are nearly optimal propellers 15 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Propulsion of magnetically actuated achiral planar microswimmers in Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids

Chen

Wang

Quashie

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Magnetic achiral planar microswimmers can be massively fabricated at low cost and are envisioned to be useful for in vivo biomedical applications. To understand locomotion in representative in vivo environments, we investigated the swimming performance of achiral planar microswimmers in methylcellulose solutions. We observed that these microswimmers displayed very similar swimming characteristics in methylcellulose solutions as in water. Furthermore, this study indicated that the range of precession angles increased as the concentration of MC solution increased. Last, it was demonstrated that achiral planar microswimmers with similar precession angles exhibited nearly the same dimensionless speeds in different concentrations of the methylcellulose solutions. Upon understanding swimmer kinematics, more effective control over the achiral planar microswimmers can be achieved to perform multiple biomedical tasks in in vivo environments.

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Section: Swimming In Viscous Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Propulsion of magnetically actuated achiral planar microswimmers in Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids

Chen

Wang

Quashie

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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“…They have been intensively investigated in the last decade for a variety of applications that include micromanipulation, microassembly, drug‐delivery, noninvasive surgery, and biopsy. [ 1 ] These machines are capable of swimming in a low Reynolds number liquid environment or walking on a solid–fluid interface fueled by external sources (for example, magnetic fields, [ 2 ] ultrasound, [ 3 ] light, [ 4 ] and chemical gradients [ 5 ] ). By combining different kinds of external sources, synchronized or orthogonal controls can be achieved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the complex or costly fabrication process of these two kinds of microswimmers limits their further application, despite their swimming abilities. [ 2a,9 ] On the other hand, helical structures have been obtained using a number of top‐down and bottom‐up techniques, including self‐scrolling [ 2b ] , direct laser writing (DLW), [ 10 ] and nucleic acid manipulation. [ 11 ] However, these fabricated helical structures are rigid and not able to perform adaptive locomotion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smart Polymers for Microscale Machines

Tan

Davis

Cappelleri

2020

Adv Funct Materials

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Microscale machines are able to perform a number of tasks like micromanipulation, drug‐delivery, and noninvasive surgery. In particular, microscale polymer machines that can perform intelligent work for manipulation or transport, adaptive locomotion, or sensing are in‐demand. To achieve this goal, shape‐morphing smart polymers like hydrogels, liquid crystalline polymers, and other smart polymers are of great interest. Structures fabricated by these materials undergo mechanical motion under stimulation such as temperature, pH, light, and so on. The use of these materials renders microscale machines that undergo complex stimuli‐responsive transformation such as from planar to 3D by combining spatial design like introducing in‐plane or out‐plane differences. During the past decade, many techniques have been developed or adopted for fabricating structures with smart polymers including microfabrication methods and the well‐known milestone of 4D printing, starting in 2013. In this review, the existing or potential active smart polymers that could be used to fabricate active microscale machines to accomplish complex tasks are summarized.

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Shape‐Programmable Adaptive Multi‐Material Microswimmers for Biomedical Applications

Tan,

Yang,

Fang

et al. 2024

Adv Funct Materials

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Flagellated microorganisms can swim at low Reynolds numbers and adapt to changes in their environment. Specifically, the flagella can switch their shapes or modes through gene expression. In recent years, efforts have changed to achieve adaptive microswimmers mimicking real microorganisms from traditional rigid microswimmers. However, even though some adaptive microswimmers achieved by hydrogels have emerged, the swimming behaviors of the microswimmers before and after the environment‐induced deformations are not predicted in a systematic standardized way. In this work, experiments, finite element analysis, and dynamic modeling are presented together to realize a complete understanding of these adaptive microswimmers. The multi‐material adaptive microswimmers used in this study are fabricated by photolithography and two‐photon polymerization. The above three parts are cross‐verified proving the success of using such methods, facilitating the bio‐applications with shape‐programmable and even swimming performance‐programmable microswimmers. The newly fabricated microswimmer also shows an improved velocity of 11.8 body lengths per second. Moreover, an application of targeted object delivery using the proposed microswimmer is successfully demonstrated. Finally, cytotoxicity tests are performed to prove the potential for using the proposed microswimmer for biomedical applications.

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µ-PIV Measurements of Flows Generated by Photolithography-Fabricated Achiral Microswimmers

Cited by 14 publications

References 39 publications

Propulsion of magnetically actuated achiral planar microswimmers in Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids

Propulsion of magnetically actuated achiral planar microswimmers in Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids

Smart Polymers for Microscale Machines

Shape‐Programmable Adaptive Multi‐Material Microswimmers for Biomedical Applications

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