α-Linolenic acid as a regulator of the metabolism of arachidonic acid: dietary implications of the ratio, n-6:n-3 fatty acids

Budowski, P.; Crawford, Michael

doi:10.1079/pns19850041

Cited by 83 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…This analysis agrees with that of Budowski and Crawford (1985) based on a study of the value of the ratio n-6/n-3 in phospholipids of different animal species and in human milk of different countries. Les résultats montrent que la succession des gestations semble être un moyen plus efficace que la succession des générations pour conduire à un épuisement des réserves maternelles en acides gras polyinsaturés n-3 (AGPI n-3).…”

Section: Dietary A-linolenic Acid Deficiency and Liver Lipidsunclassified

“…This confirms that 22 : 5 n-6 is a true index of n-3 PUFA deficiency (Galli et al, 1974 ;Tinoco et al, 1979 ;Bourre et al, 1984 ;Youyou et al, 19861. The increase in n-6 PUFA and decrease in n-3 PUFA resulted in an augmentation of the ratio n-6/n-3 which rose from about 3 in soya rats to about 13 in sunflower ones. According to Budowski and Crawford (1985), this values in soya rats would be normal but, as Galli et a/. (1974) proposed, the ratio 22 : 5 n-6/22 : 6 n-3 can also be used as an index of n-3 PUFA deficiency, at least when the proportion of these two fatty acids is high enough to be precisely analysed.…”

Section: Dietary A-linolenic Acid Deficiency and Liver Lipidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of dietary α-linolenic acid deficiency during pregnancy and lactation on lipid fatty acid composition of liver and serum in the rat

Guesnet¹,

Pascal²,

Durand³

1988

Reprod. Nutr. Dévelop.

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Section: Dietary A-linolenic Acid Deficiency and Liver Lipidsunclassified

Section: Dietary A-linolenic Acid Deficiency and Liver Lipidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of dietary α-linolenic acid deficiency during pregnancy and lactation on lipid fatty acid composition of liver and serum in the rat

Guesnet¹,

Pascal²,

Durand³

1988

Reprod. Nutr. Dévelop.

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“…It is now recognized that dietary LA favors oxidative modification of LDL cholesterol (65,66), and increases platelet response to aggregation (67). In contrast, ALA intake is associated with inhibitory effects on the clotting activity of platelets, on their response to thrombin (68,69), and on the regulation of AA metabolism (70). In clinical studies, ALA contributed to lowering of blood pressure (71).…”

Section: Aspects Of Dietmentioning

confidence: 99%

Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Antioxidants in Edible Wild Plants

Simopoulos¹

2004

Biol. Res.

286

156

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Human beings evolved on a diet that was balanced in the omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and was high in antioxidants. Edible wild plants provide alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and higher amounts of vitamin E and vitamin C than cultivated plants. In addition to the antioxidant vitamins, edible wild plants are rich in phenols and other compounds that increase their antioxidant capacity. It is therefore important to systematically analyze the total antioxidant capacity of wild plants and promote their commercialization in both developed and developing countries. The diets of Western countries have contained increasingly larger amounts of linoleic acid (LA), which has been promoted for its cholesterol-lowering effect. It is now recognized that dietary LA favors oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and increases platelet response to aggregation. In contrast, ALA intake is associated with inhibitory effects on the clotting activity of platelets, on their response to thrombin, and on the regulation of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism. In clinical studies, ALA contributed to lowering of blood pressure, and a prospective epidemiological study showed that ALA is inversely related to the risk of coronary heart disease in men. Dietary amounts of LA as well as the ratio of LA to ALA appear to be important for the metabolism of ALA to longer-chain omega-3 PUFAs. Relatively large reserves of LA in body fat, as are found in vegans or in the diet of omnivores in Western societies, would tend to slow down the formation of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids from ALA. Therefore, the role of ALA in human nutrition becomes important in terms of longterm dietary intake. One advantage of the consumption of ALA over omega-3 fatty acids from fish is that the problem of insufficient vitamin E intake does not exist with high intake of ALA from plant sources.

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“…We have expressed the former, as Budowski and Crawford (19851, by the ratio n-6 : n-3. In fact, it is known that (1) the two families of n-6 and n-3 compete in various aspects of their metabolism (elongation-desatu ration, eicosanoid synthesis), as mentioned in the introduction, and (2) the ratio n-6 : n-3 in membrane lipids of land mammals varies within a narrow range, of 1 to 5 according to Budowski and Crawford (1985) ; as these authors note, it is preferable that the ratio not exceed 5 in dietary lipids.…”

Section: Gestation and Parturitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary α-linolenic acid deficiency in the rat. I. Effects on reproduction and postnatal growth

Guesnet¹,

Pascal²,

Durand³

1986

Reprod. Nutr. Dévelop.

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Summary. The effects of a dietary a-linolenic acid (18 : 3 n-3) deficiency on reproduction and postnatal growth in rats were studied during 3 successive gestations and 4 successive generations. Female rats received respectively a semi-synthetic diet in which the lipids were incorporated either as sunflower oil at 1.5 % (deficient diet) or as soya oil at 1.87 % (control diet).Both diets supplied the same amount of linoleic acid (18 : 2 n-6) (940 mg/100 g of diet), but the sunflower oil supplied 22 times less a-linolenic acid than the soya diet (6 mg vs 130 mg/100 g of diet).The results showed that, in our experimental conditions, the a-linolenic acid deficiency had no effect on fecundity (% of pregnant females), fertility (number of pups/litter), pup birth weight, food intake and weight of pregnant or lactating females, or pup growth during suckling.However, this deficiency did cause abnormally high rates of perinatal mortality from birth to postpartum day 3, namely on the average, for successive gestations : 18.5 % in deficient pups vs 5.2 % in the controls, and for successive generations : 16.6 % in deficient pups vs 5.3 % in the controls.Rat n-3 PUFA requirement during reproduction has been discussed ; it appears to be more than 100 mg/100 g of feed. But this need should also be estimated in relation to n-6 PUFA supply ; for female rats during reproduction, the ratio n-6 : n-3 should be less than 10.

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α-Linolenic acid as a regulator of the metabolism of arachidonic acid: dietary implications of the ratio, n-6:n-3 fatty acids

Cited by 83 publications

References 56 publications

Effects of dietary α-linolenic acid deficiency during pregnancy and lactation on lipid fatty acid composition of liver and serum in the rat

Effects of dietary α-linolenic acid deficiency during pregnancy and lactation on lipid fatty acid composition of liver and serum in the rat

Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Antioxidants in Edible Wild Plants

Dietary α-linolenic acid deficiency in the rat. I. Effects on reproduction and postnatal growth

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