α-Synuclein Attenuates Maneb Neurotoxicity through the Modulation of Redox-Sensitive Transcription Factors

Abstract

The accumulation and aggregation of α-synuclein is a pathognomonic sign of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Maneb (MB) exposure has also been reported as one environmental triggering factor of this multifactorial neurodegenerative disease. In our laboratory, we have previously reported that mild overexpression of α-synuclein (200% increase with respect to endogenous neuronal levels) can confer neuroprotection against several insults. Here, we tested the hypothesis that α-synuclein can modulate the neuronal response against MB-induced neurotoxicity. When exposed to MB, cells with endogenous α-synuclein expression displayed increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with diminished glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLc) and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA expressions and upregulation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) repressor, BTB domain and CNC homolog 1 (BACH1). We found that α-synuclein overexpression (wt α-syn cells) attenuated MB-induced neuronal damage by reducing oxidative stress. Decreased ROS found in MB-treated wt α-syn cells was associated with unaltered GCLc and HO-1 mRNA expressions and decreased BACH1 expression. In addition, the increased SOD2 expression and catalase activity were associated with forkhead box O 3a (FOXO3a) nuclear compartmentalization. Cytoprotective effects observed in wt α-syn cells were also associated with the upregulation of silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1). In control cells, MB-treatment downregulated glutathione peroxidase 4 mRNA levels, which was coincident with increased ROS content, lipid peroxidation, and mitochondrial alterations. These deleterious effects were prevented by ferrostatin-1, an inhibitor of ferroptosis, under conditions of endogenous α-synuclein expression. The overexpression of α-synuclein attenuated MB toxicity by the activation of the same mechanisms as ferrostatin-1. Overall, our findings suggest that mild overexpression of α-synuclein attenuates MB-induced neurotoxicity through the modulation of NRF2 and FOXO3a transcription factors and prevents cell death probably by intervening in mechanisms associated with ferroptosis. Thus, we postulate that early stages of α-synuclein overexpression could be potentially neuroprotective against MB neurotoxicity.

New insights on neurodegeneration triggered by iron accumulation: Intersections with neutral lipid metabolism, ferroptosis, and motor impairment

“…Cells at 80–90% confluence were treated with ferric ammonium citrate (FAC, #F5879, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) at 500 μM for neurons and 1 mM for astrocytes and microglia, or with the vehicle (water), for 24 h in serum-free medium. Treatment with 6 μM ferrostatin-1 (FER, #SML0583, Sigma-Aldrich) was performed either alone or in combination with FAC for 24 h in serum-free medium [ 23 ]. Controls were treated with the vehicle alone.…”

“…Subsequently, co-incubation with FAC or vehicle was carried out for 24 h. Cells were also incubated with 1 mM N-acetyl cysteine (NAC, #A7250, Sigma-Aldrich), 5 μM 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC, #H1015, Sigma-Aldrich), and 10 μM fatostatin (FATO, #341329, Sigma-Aldrich). Selected single doses for each experimental condition were previously established in experiments determining the optimal concentration of each compound [ 10 , 12 , 13 , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] ].…”

“…Catalase activity was assessed using the Aebi procedure with slight modifications [ 23 ]. Tissue lysates were prepared with 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, and catalase activity was determined by measuring the rate of degradation of the enzyme substrate, hydrogen peroxide, at 240 nm.…”