β-Estradiol and ethinyl-estradiol contamination in the rivers of the Carpathian Basin

Abstract

17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2), which are environmental estrogens have been determined with LC-MS in freshwater. Their sensitive analysis needs derivatisation and therefore is very hard to achieve in multiresidue screening. We analysed samples from all the large and some small rivers (River Danube, Drava, Mur, Sava, Tisza and Zala) of the Carpathian Basin and from Lake Balaton. Freshwater was extracted on solid phase and derivatised using dansyl-chloride. Separation was performed on a Kinetex XB-C18 column. Detection was achieved with a benchtop orbitrap mass spectrometer using targeted MS analysis for quantification. Limits of quantification were 0.05 ng/L (MS1) and 0.1 ng/L (MS/MS) for E2, and 0.001 ng/L (MS1) and 0.2 ng/L (MS/MS) for EE2. River samples contained n.d.-5.2 ng/L E2 and n.d.-0.68 ng/L EE2. Average levels of E2 and EE2 were 0.61 and 0.084 ng/L respectively in rivers, water courses and Lake Balaton together, but not counting city canal water. EE2 was less abundant, but it was still present in almost all of the samples. In beach water samples from Lake Balaton we measured 0.076-0.233 E2 and n.d.-0.133 EE2. A relative high amount of EE2 was found in river Zala (0.68 ng/L) and in Hévíz-Páhoki canal (0.52 ng/L), which are both in the catchment area of Lake Balaton (Hungary). HighlightsMethod is proposed for simultaneous determination of 17β-estradiol and 17α-ethinyl estradiol. Derivatization is necessary to reach low LOQ. Low ng/L presence of estrogens in selected European Rivers has been detected.

Paper-Based Biosensors for Analysis of Water

“…The paper-based biosensors developed for quantification of the synthetic hormone EE2 presented higher sensitivity when compared to the more complex and Paper-Based Biosensors for Analysis of Water DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84131 expensive LC-MS/MS methods [31,32]. With respect to the developed biosensors for quantification of different metals (uranium [24], arsenite [30], and cadmium [23]), the LOD was lower than their respective MCLs, thus complying with regulatory requirements.…”

Pond Snail Reproduction as Model in the Environmental Risk Assessment: Reality and Doubts

“…SPE), finally quantitative measured by using LC-MS/MS. Generally, around 0.1 ng/L limit of quantification (LOQ) value are achieved [33,34,71,72]. The detection of steroid EDCs from various solid samples are complicated because more sample preparation steps are required (drying, homogenization, destruction, extraction and purification).…”

“…progesterone, estradiol, testosterone [33][34][35] and synthetic (e.g. drospirenone, levonorgestrel, ethinylestradiol, cyproterone acetate (CPA), t-methyltestosterone [23,[33][34][35]) hormones, phytosterols (e.g.…”

“…L. stagnalis, Anodonta cygnaea, Dreissena polymorpha) and fish species (e.g. Rutilus rutilus, Alburnus alburnus, Abramis brama, Carassius carassius, Cyprinus carpio, Perca fluviatilis), where the estrogen and progestogen concentrations were found between 0.07-0.68 ng/L and 0.23-13.67 ng/L, respectively [33,34]. The presence of steroid hormones has also been found in the drinking water, which is a warning sign that the current handling of pharmaceuticals may lead to future global human health problems [52][53][54][55][56].…”

Novel Electrochemical Paper-Based Immunocapture Assay for the Quantitative Determination of Ethinylestradiol in Water Samples

“…Table 2 summarizes and compares the most relevant articles related to EE2 determination in water samples. 11,30,42,[47][48][49][50][51] . Whereas just one of these articles have the advantage of improved sensitivity 30, all mentioned manuscripts show complex sample processing steps, reiterated manual intervention and long incubation times, which do not meet usability requirements for point-of-care or point-of-incident diagnostic applications.…”