β-Glucosidase and Its Application in Bioconversion of Ginsenosides in Panax ginseng

Tran, Thi Ngoc Anh; Son, Jin-Sung; Awais, Muhammad; Ko, Jae‐Heung; Yang, Deok‐Chun; Jung, Seok-Kyu

doi:10.3390/bioengineering10040484

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 100 publications

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“…Palaniyandi et al [ 9 ] showed that Rb 1 /Rb 2 glycol saponins are transformed by microorganisms to generate Rd, and Rd can then be further converted to Rg 3 , Rh 2 , F 2 , and CK. Bai [ 46 ] and Tran [ 47 ] speculated that the conversion pathways of the diol ginsenosides are Rb 1 /Rb 2 → Rd→Rg 3 → Rh 2 , Rb 1 /Rc → Rd → Rg 1 , Rg 3 → Rg 5 + Rk 1 , and Rb 1 → Rd → F 2 → Rg 3 → CK, while the triol ginsenoside conversion pathway is Re → Rg 1 → Rh 1 → Rh 4 → PPT.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Antioxidant Activity of Compounds Generated during Ginseng Extract Fermentation Supplemented with Lactobacillus

Lin,

Wu,

Huang

et al. 2024

Molecules

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Ginseng holds high medicinal and cosmetic value, with stem and leaf extracts garnering attention for their abundant bioactive ingredients. Meanwhile, fermentation can enhance the effectiveness of cosmetics. The aim of this study was to optimize ginseng fermentation to produce functional cosmetics. Ginseng stem and leaf extracts were fermented with five different strains of lactic acid bacteria. Using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical (·OH), and superoxide anion (O2·−) scavenging activities as indicators, the fermentation process was optimized via response surface methodology. Finally, validation of the antioxidant activity of the optimized fermentation broth was performed using human skin cells (HaCaT and BJ cells). Based on the antioxidant potency composite comprehensive index, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 1.140 was selected, and the optimized parameters were a fermentation time of 35.50 h, an inoculum size of 2.45%, and a temperature of 28.20 °C. Optimized fermentation boosted antioxidant activity: DPPH scavenging activity increased by 25.00%, ·OH by 94.00%, and O2·− by 73.00%. Only the rare ginsenoside Rg5 showed a substantial rise in content among the 11 ginsenosides examined after fermentation. Furthermore, the flavonoid content and ·OH scavenging activity were significantly negatively correlated (r = −1.00, p < 0.05), while the Rh1 content and O2·− scavenging activity were significantly positively correlated (r = 0.998, p < 0.05). Both the 0.06% (v/v) and 0.25% (v/v) concentrations of the optimized broth significantly promoted cell proliferation, and notable protective effects against oxidative damage were observed in HaCaT cells when the broth was at 0.06%. Collectively, we demonstrated that ginseng fermentation extract effectively eliminates free radicals, preventing and repairing cellular oxidative damage. This study has identified new options for the use of fermented ginseng in functional cosmetics.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Antioxidant Activity of Compounds Generated during Ginseng Extract Fermentation Supplemented with Lactobacillus

Lin,

Wu,

Huang

et al. 2024

Molecules

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“…The bioconversion of ginsenoside Rb1 to CK via β-glu is an effective production method in industry [ 50 ]. Microbes isolated from the soils of ginseng farms, soybeans, tea, the gastrointestinal tract of humans, kimchi, and other fermented items can be a source of β-glu [ 51 ]. Heat-resistant β-glu yields the highest amount of CK from protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides [ 52 ].…”

Section: Biotransformation Of Ckmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioconversion, Pharmacokinetics, and Therapeutic Mechanisms of Ginsenoside Compound K and Its Analogues for Treating Metabolic Diseases

Morshed,

Akter,

Karim

et al. 2024

CIMB

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Rare ginsenoside compound K (CK) is an intestinal microbial metabolite with a low natural abundance that is primarily produced by physicochemical processing, side chain modification, or metabolic transformation in the gut. Moreover, CK exhibits potent biological activity compared to primary ginsenosides, which has raised concerns in the field of ginseng research and development, as well as ginsenoside-related dietary supplements and natural products. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, and Rc are generally used as a substrate to generate CK via several bioconversion processes. Current research shows that CK has a wide range of pharmacological actions, including boosting osteogenesis, lipid and glucose metabolism, lipid oxidation, insulin resistance, and anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis properties. Further research on the bioavailability and toxicology of CK can advance its medicinal application. The purpose of this review is to lay the groundwork for future clinical studies and the development of CK as a therapy for metabolic disorders. Furthermore, the toxicology and pharmacology of CK are investigated as well in this review. The findings indicate that CK primarily modulates signaling pathways associated with AMPK, SIRT1, PPARs, WNTs, and NF-kB. It also demonstrates a positive therapeutic effect of CK on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and its complications, as well as osteoporosis. Additionally, the analogues of CK showed more bioavailability, less toxicity, and more efficacy against disease states. Enhancing bioavailability and regulating hazardous variables are crucial for its use in clinical trials.

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“…We included the manually curated ginsenoside conversion microbial enzymes [27] and enzymes involved in the ginsenoside biosynthesis pathway from MetaCyc database [28], along with nine genome proteomes. Moreover, we obtained the KEGG secondary metabolite pathways from KEGG pathway database (https://www.genome.jp/kegg/pathway.…”

Section: Clustering Of Proteomementioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-Wide Comparative Profiles of Triterpenoid Biosynthesis Genes in Ginseng and Pseudo Ginseng Medicinal Plants

2023

Life

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Saponin-rich medicinal plants, particularly ginseng and Pseudo ginseng, are valuable in traditional medical practice due to the presence of different saponins. These plants benefit from natural saponins/triterpenoids drugs, such as Ginsenosides, Gypenosides, Platycodins, and Lancemasides. Ginsenosides are highly required for research and functional materials preparation in industrial practices, and some compounds, like Compound-K, have been taken to human trials for various therapeutic applications. To elucidate the genes/transcripts profiles responsible for secondary metabolites and ginsenoside biosynthesis in Ginseng and Pseudo ginseng plant genomes, a comparative analysis was conducted in this study. Nine plant genomes with a 99% BUSCO completeness score were used, resulting in 49 KEGG secondary metabolite pathways, 571 cytochromes genes with 42 families, and 3529 carbohydrate genes with 103 superfamilies. The comparative analysis revealed 24 genes/transcripts belonging to the CYP716 family, which is involved in the ginsenoside biosynthesis pathway. Additionally, it found that various ginsenosides demonstrated strong binding affinity with twelve targets, with ginsenoside Rg3, Rg2, Rh1, Rh5, F3, Rh9, Panaxadione, Protopanaxatriol, Floral ginsenoside C, and Floral ginsenoside E exhibiting the highest binding affinities with the tested enzymes. Since these groups of enzymes are not yet fully characterized for Pseudo ginseng plants in the interconversion of triterpenoids, this comparative bioinformatics analysis could aid experimentalists in selecting and conducting characterization with practical knowledge.

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β-Glucosidase and Its Application in Bioconversion of Ginsenosides in Panax ginseng

Cited by 15 publications

References 100 publications

Optimization of Antioxidant Activity of Compounds Generated during Ginseng Extract Fermentation Supplemented with Lactobacillus

Optimization of Antioxidant Activity of Compounds Generated during Ginseng Extract Fermentation Supplemented with Lactobacillus

Bioconversion, Pharmacokinetics, and Therapeutic Mechanisms of Ginsenoside Compound K and Its Analogues for Treating Metabolic Diseases

Genome-Wide Comparative Profiles of Triterpenoid Biosynthesis Genes in Ginseng and Pseudo Ginseng Medicinal Plants

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