β1C Integrin Expression in Human Endometrial Proliferative Diseases

Lovecchio, Mariarosaria; Maiorano, Eugenio; Vacca, Rosa Anna; Loverro, Giuseppe; Fanelli, Margherita; Resta, Leonardo; Stefanelli, S; Selvaggi, Luigi; Marra, Ersilia; Perlino, Elda

doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63609-7

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Integrin ␤1C has a 116-base exon not found in integrin ␤1A that changes the cytoplasmic COOH terminus of the protein. The ␤1C form has been shown to inhibit cell proliferation, ␤1A to promote it, and ␤1C appears to be down-regulated in endometrial cancer (46).…”

Section: Alternative Splicing Of Transmembrane Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aberrant and Alternative Splicing in Cancer

2004

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Pre-mRNA splicing is a sophisticated and ubiquitous nuclear process, which is a natural source of cancer-causing errors in gene expression. Intronic splice site mutations of tumor suppressor genes often cause exon-skipping events that truncate proteins just like classical nonsense mutations. Also, many studies over the last 20 years have reported cancerspecific alternative splicing in the absence of genomic mutations. Affected proteins include transcription factors, cell signal transducers, and components of the extracellular matrix. Antibodies against alternatively spliced products on cancer cells are currently in clinical trials, and competitive reverse transcription-PCR across regions of alternative splicing is being used as a simple diagnostic test. As well as being associated with cancer, the nature of the alternative gene products is usually consistent with an active role in cancer; therefore, the alternative splicing process itself is a potential target for gene therapy. Splice Site Mutations Can Cause Aberrant Splicing and CancerDefects in mRNA splicing are an important cause of disease (1-3). The most common form of splicing defects are genomic splice site point mutations, and a recent survey found 29 different p53 splice site mutations in Ͼ12 different types of cancer (4). Ninety-nine percent of all exons are flanked by the intronic dinucleotides GT and AG at the 5Ј and 3Ј splice sites respectively, and mutation of these sites usually causes exclusion of the adjacent exon (Fig. 1A), although sometimes splice site mutations have even more drastic consequences, e.g., double exon skipping in MLH1 in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (5). More than half of all exon deletions lead to truncation of the encoded protein and as such, mutations in tumor suppressor genes at the invariant intronic dinucleotide can act much as classical nonsense mutations. For example a GT to AT 5Ј splice site mutation in hSNF5 causes deletion of exon 7, a frame shift, and a truncated reading frame, and this causes infant brain tumors when a "second hit" is provided at the wild-type allele by a deletion (6). Similarly a 3Ј splice site AG to AT mutation caused constitutive loss of exon 4 of the APC gene in colorectal to liver metastases, where the wild-type allele was deleted (ref. 7; Fig. 1A).Mutations in the less conserved splice site consensus away from the invariant dinucleotides tend to lead to partial aberrant splicing, often with a relatively mild phenotype. For example, the most common pathogenic mutation of the ATM gene is linked to breast cancer but is incompletely penetrant and is thought to have originated in Palaeolithic times. This is a mutation at the sixth position of an intron that causes a proportion of transcripts to skip an exon and to be frame shifted leading to a truncated protein (8). The polypyrimidine tract signal associated with the 3Ј splice site is another hot spot for mutation (Fig. 1A). An intronic mutation 11 nucleotides upstream of a 3Ј splice site in MLH1 knocks out an exon, and this ...

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Section: Alternative Splicing Of Transmembrane Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aberrant and Alternative Splicing in Cancer

2004

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“…*Although many examples are provided, the list is not exhaustive and only selected references are included variants that either facilitate or inhibit cellular proliferation have been described [28]. The cell-cell adhesion glycoprotein CD44 whose expression is associated with the metastatic potential of cancer cells [29] is produced in more than 20 splicing isoforms.…”

Section: Breastmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cancer-Associated Perturbations in Alternative Pre-messenger RNA Splicing

Shkreta

Bell

Revil

et al. 2013

Cancer Treatment and Research

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For most of our 25,000 genes, the removal of introns by pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing represents an essential step toward the production of functional messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Alternative splicing of a single pre-mRNA results in the production of different mRNAs. Although complex organisms use alternative splicing to expand protein function and phenotypic diversity, patterns of alternative splicing are often altered in cancer cells. Alternative splicing contributes to tumorigenesis by producing splice isoforms that can stimulate cell proliferation and cell migration or induce resistance to apoptosis and anticancer agents. Cancer-specific changes in splicing profiles can occur through mutations that are affecting splice sites and splicing control elements, and also by alterations in the expression of proteins that control splicing decisions. Recent progress in global approaches that interrogate splicing diversity should help to obtain specific splicing signatures for cancer types. The development of innovative approaches for annotating and reprogramming splicing events will more fully establish the essential contribution of alternative splicing to the biology of cancer and will hopefully provide novel targets and anticancer strategies. Metazoan genes are usually made up of several exons interrupted by introns. The introns are removed from the pre-mRNA by RNA splicing. In conjunction with other maturation steps, such as capping and polyadenylation, the spliced mRNA is then transported to the cytoplasm to be translated into a functional protein. The basic mechanism of splicing requires accurate recognition of each extremity of each intron by the spliceosome. Introns are identified by the binding of U1 snRNP to the 5' splice site and the U2AF65/U2AF35 complex to the 3' splice site. Following these interactions, other proteins and snRNPs are recruited to generate the complete spliceosomal complex needed to excise the intron. While many introns are constitutively removed by the spliceosome, other splice junctions are not used systematically, generating the phenomenon of alternative splicing. Alternative splicing is therefore the process by which a single species of pre-mRNA can be matured to produce different mRNA molecules (Fig. 1). Depending on the number and types of alternative splicing events, a pre-mRNA can generate from two to several thousands different mRNAs leading to the production of a corresponding number of proteins. It is now believed that the expression of at least 70 % of human genes is subjected to alternative splicing, implying an enormous contribution to proteomic diversity, and by extension, to the development and the evolution of complex animals. Defects in splicing have been associated with human diseases (Caceres and Kornblihtt, Trends Genet 18(4):186-93, 2002, Cartegni et al., Nat Rev Genet 3(4):285-98, 2002, Pagani and Baralle, Nat Rev Genet 5(5):389-96, 2004), including cancer (Brinkman, Clin Biochem 37(7):584-94, 2004, Venables, Bioessays 28(4):378-86, 2006, Srebrow and Kornblihtt, J ...

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“…In this light, CLU may represent a target gene that can be used to monitor changes that are responsible for the progression from normal to malignant endometrial tissue. To investigate the involvement of CLU in the modulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis and clinical outcome in endometrial cancer, we used an in vivo experimental system consisting of endometrial tissues, already characterized in our laboratory during recent years (22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36). We established here for the first time the differential expression of CLU isoforms in both physiological and pathological, hyperplastic and neoplastic human endometrial tissues.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of the expression of CLU isoforms in endometrial proliferative diseases

Fuzio

Valletti

Napoli

et al. 2013

International Journal of Oncology

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Clusterin (CLU) is a nearly ubiquitous multifunctional protein synthesized in different functionally divergent isoforms, sCLU and nCLU, playing a crucial role by keeping a balance between cell proliferation and death. Studying in vivo CLU expression we found a higher mRNA expression both in neoplastic and hyperplastic tissues in comparison to normal endometria; in particular, by RT-qPCR we demonstrated an increase of the specific sCLU isoform in the neoplastic and hyperplastic endometrial diseases. On the contrary, no CLU increase was detected at the protein level. The CLU gene transcriptional activity was upregulated in the hyperplastic and neoplastic tissues, indicating the existence of a fine post-trans-criptional regulation of CLU expression possibly responsible for the protein decrease in the malignant disease. A specific CLU immunoreactivity was present in all the endometrial glandular cells in comparison to the other cellular compartments where CLU immunoreactivity was lower or absent. In conclusion, our results suggest the existence of a complex regulatory mechanism of CLU gene expression during the progression from normal to malignant cells, possibly contributing to endometrial carcinogenesis. Moreover, the specific alteration of the sCLU:nCLU ratio associated with the pathological stage, suggests a possible usage of CLU as molecular biomarker for the diagnosis/prognosis of endometrial proliferative diseases.

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β1C Integrin Expression in Human Endometrial Proliferative Diseases

Cited by 10 publications

References 22 publications

Aberrant and Alternative Splicing in Cancer

Aberrant and Alternative Splicing in Cancer

Cancer-Associated Perturbations in Alternative Pre-messenger RNA Splicing

Regulation of the expression of CLU isoforms in endometrial proliferative diseases

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