β2-Microglobulin is a Novel and Reliable Biomarker for Predicting Ischemic Stroke Recurrence: A Prospective Cohort Study

Abstract

Immune and inflammatory mechanisms play key roles in the development and outcome of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). β2-Microglobulin (β2M) is the light chain of major histocompatibility complex-1 (MHC-1), which can directly and quickly reflect the immune and inflammatory state of the body. Previous studies have shown a close relationship between β2M and AIS, but its relationship with the recurrence of AIS has not been reported. This study attempted to explore the relationship between β2M and the recurrence of AIS. A single-center AIS cohort involving 135 patients was followed for approximately 26–46 months. Clinical and laboratory data from the patients were collected when hospitalized. The endpoint was the occurrence of recurrent AIS after patients were discharged. Propensity score matching was used to match cohort groups. Cox regression analysis was used to predict risk factors for recurrent AIS, and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was used to calculate the optimal cutoff value for discriminating recurrence in patients with AIS. The rate of recurrence was 29.6% [95% CI, 21.8%–37.3%] in the follow-up group. Patients with higher levels of serum β2M had a higher risk of AIS recurrence than patients with lower levels of β2M (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.214 [95% CI, 1.557–6.633]; adjusted hazard ratio after matching, 5.831, [95% CI, 2.052–16.572]). A β2M value of 2.31 mg/L was calculated by ROC analysis as the optimal cutoff value for AIS recurrence (area under the curve 0.770, [95% CI, 0.687–0.853]). As a quick responder to the body’s immune and inflammatory states, β2M may be a novel and reliable biomarker in predicting AIS recurrence.

An Antibody-directed and Immune Response Modifier-augmented Photothermal Therapy Strategy Relieves Aging via Rapid Immune Clearance of Senescent Cells

“…CroR@aB2MG targets senescent cells effectively, with the direction of an anti-B2MG antibody. The expression of blood-borne B2MG, a biomarker for cancer and many inflammatory diseases [47][48][49] has been found positively correlated with age, the levels of p16 ink4a , IL-1β and IL-6, and the oxidative stress [50,51]. This is in line with our results, as CroR@aB2MG-mediated NIR irradiation reduced DOX-boosted senescence marked by the enhanced expression of p16 ink4a , p53, DcR2, FOXO4 and the loss of lamin B1.…”

High serum β2-microglobulin levels are associated with poor functional outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke

“…A nested case-control study based on data from 473 patients with ischemic stroke and 473 controls demonstrated that high serum levels of β2M were associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke among women, especially in patients who had experienced thrombotic stroke [18]. Hu et al studied 135 patients with ischemic stroke and reported that high β2M levels in serum upon admission increased the risk of recurrence approximately 3 years after the initial event [29]. Finally, a large prospective study revealed that β2M was signi cantly associated with the occurrence of stroke in patients with asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis at the 3-year follow-up [30].…”

The Role of Beta2-Microglobulin in Central Nervous System Disease

“…Plasma B2M could also be used to evaluate the extent and degree of acute cerebral infarction (Li and Zhou 2016 ). Additionally, AIS patients with plasma B2M levels over 2.31 mg/L are more susceptible to disease recurrence, which suggests B2M may act as a potential biomarker for predicting recurrence in these patients (Hu et al 2022 ).…”