Cyclic AMP signaling plays a central role in regulating activity at a number of synapses in the brain. We showed previously that pairing activation of receptors that inhibit adenylate cyclase (AC) and reduce the concentration of cyclic AMP, with elevation of the concentration of cyclic GMP is sufficient to elicit a presynaptically expressed form of LTD at Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses in the hippocampus. To directly test the role of AC inhibition and G-protein signaling in LTD at these synapses, we utilized transgenic mice that express a mutant, constitutively active inhibitory G protein, G␣ i2 , in principal neurons of the forebrain. Transgene expression of G␣ i2 markedly enhanced LTD and impaired late-phase LTP at Schaffer collateral synapses, with no associated differences in input/output relations, paired-pulse facilitation, or NMDA receptor-gated conductances. When paired with application of a type V phosphodiesterase inhibitor to elevate the concentration of intracellular cyclic GMP, constitutively active G␣ i2 expression converted the transient depression normally caused by this treatment to an LTD that persisted after the drug was washed out. Moreover, this effect could be mimicked in control slices by pairing type V phosphodiesterase inhibitor application with application of a PKA inhibitor. Electrophysiological recordings of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents and two-photon visualization of vesicular release using FM1-43 revealed that constitutively active G␣ i2 tonically reduced basal release probability from the rapidly recycling vesicle pool of Schaffer collateral terminals. Our findings support the hypothesis that inhibitory G-protein signaling acts presynaptically to regulate release, and, when paired with elevations in the concentration of cyclic GMP, converts a transient cyclic GMP-induced depression into a long-lasting decrease in release.Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic strength are reciprocal, activity-dependent mechanisms that are thought to mediate synaptic competition during development and store information in mature networks. cAMP and its major effector kinase, cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), play key roles in the induction of LTP (Frey et al. 1993;Impey et al. 1996;Nguyen and Kandel 1997;Otmakhova et al. 2000;Matsushita et al. 2001). Evidence also suggests that inhibition of adenylate cyclase (AC) and reduced PKA activity promote the induction of LTD. Inhibiting PKA enhances the induction of LTD at Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses (Santschi et al. 1999(Santschi et al. , 2006, and simultaneous elevation of the concentration of intracellular cGMP and inhibition of PKA is sufficient to elicit LTD at these synapses in the absence of afferent stimulation (Santschi et al. 1999;Stanton et al. 2001). This chemically induced form of LTD (CLTD) is presynaptically expressed and occludes stimulusevoked LTD (SLTD), suggesting convergence of key mechanisms between CLTD and SLTD (Santschi et al. 1999;Stanton et al. 2001Stanton et al. , 200...