“…Therefore, alterations in GABAergic neurotransmission within the LDT could contribute to aversive effects on behavioral and cognitive outcomes associated with PNE that are suspected to involve alterations in mesocorticolimbic and thalamocortical processing (Cornelius & Day, 2009;Dwyer et al, 2009;Kohlmeier, 2015;Lacy et al, 2014;Paz et al, 2007;Smith et al, 2010). Although alterations in GABAergic-mediated transmission from the LDT have not been shown to play a crucial role in PNE-associated negative behavioral outcomes, GABARs within the mesopontine tegmentum have been suggested to play a role in the mediation of behaviors and emotion via their presence on mesoaccumbal, mesocortical and thalamic LDT projection neurons (Arnaud, Gauthier, & Gottesmann, 2001;Braun et al, 1997;Kantrowitz, Citrome, & Javitt, 2009;Kohlmeier et al, 2013;Maquet et al, 1996). Further, in rat retina, GABA A -ρR has been proposed to inhibit the release of ACh which suggests that alterations in GABA A -ρR functioning within the LDT could play a role specifically within the cholinergic projections leading to alterations in ACh release to target regions known to be critical in arousal and motivated behaviors (Dautan et al, 2016;Massey, Linn, Kittila, & Mirza, 1997).…”