ζ‐Chain associated protein 70 and CD38 combined predict the time to first treatment in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Abstract

The autapomorphic status of the Neanderthal suprainiac fossa was recently confirmed. This was a result of a detailed analysis of the internal bone composition in the area of the suprainiac depression on Neanderthal and Homo sapiens specimens. However, while anatomical differences between Neanderthal suprainiac fossa and the depression in the inion region of the occipital bone of fossil and recent Homo sapiens have been discussed in detail, the etiology of these structures has not been resolved. In this article, the hypothesis that the Homo sapiens non‐supranuchal fossa and the Neanderthal suprainiac fossa both formed to maintain the optimal shape of the occipital plane (to minimize strain on the posterior cranial vault) is tested. First, the variation in the expression of the fossa above inion in the crania of recent Homo sapiens from European, African, and Australian samples was examined, and the degree of structural similarity between these depressions and the Neanderthal suprainiac fossa was assessed. Next, the relationship between the shape of the occipital squama in the midsagittal plane and two particular features (the degree of the occipital torus development and the occurrence of a depression in the inion region that is not the supranuchal fossa) were analyzed. Based on the results, it is suggested that the Homo sapiens non‐supranuchal fossa and Neanderthal suprainiac fossa are convergent traits. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

Clinical utility of assessing ZAP‐70 and CD38 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

“…The median level of CD38 among ZAP-70-negative cases was 5.3%, when compared with 27.2% among ZAP-70-positive cases (P < 0.0001) (36). This is consistent with other investigators who have used CD38 and ZAP-70 expression to predict the time to first treatment (8,9,11,18,33,39 A and B).…”

“…Previous studies have shown a significant split in the Kaplan-Meier curves at 20% when ZAP-70 expression was related to time to initial treatment (24)(25)(26)(27)(28)39,41).…”

“…They summarize that CD38 further refines the clinical relevance of ZAP-70 as an adverse prognostic factor and it allowed them to define three different groups of patients (43). They advise a combined analysis of CD38 and ZAP-70 that will allow the identification of three patient groups: good, intermediate, and poor prognosis (39). Since flow cytometry can be used for both CD38 and ZAP-70, this is more suitable for applications in clinical laboratories than IgV H mutation analysis.…”

ZAP‐70 expression is low in normal precursor B cells or hematogones

“…ZAP-70 and CD38 are independent prognostic factors in diagnosing patients with B-CLL [1,[3][4][5][6][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. Hematogones have the potential to contribute misleading information to the evaluation of these two important prognostic markers if not excluded from the CLL population during the analysis of flow cytometric data.…”

ZAP70 editorial: A follow‐up to the special issue

“…However, in this study, an overall concordance of 71% was seen using the normal B cells as reference ZAP-70 negative control, a result similar to earlier studies by Rassenti et al (77%) (8) and to the Munoz et al study in this issue (70%). A number of reports stressing the combined use of CD38 and ZAP-70 also continue to appear (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15). From these studies, it is worth noting that the flow cytometric quantitation of CD38 expression is still favored by several investigators (13).…”