International audienceAccording to Mukai and Iliev, a smooth prime Fano threefold X of genus 9 is associated with a surface ℙ(V), ruled over a smooth plane quartic Γ, and the derived category of Γ embeds into that of X by a theorem of Kuznetsov. We use this setup to study the moduli spaces of rank-2 stable sheaves on X with odd determinant. For each c2 ≥ 7, we prove that a component of their moduli space MX(2, 1, c2) is birational to a Brill-Noether locus of vector bundles with fixed rank and degree on Γ, having enough sections when twisted by V. For c2 = 7, we prove that MX(2, 1, 7) is isomorphic to the blow-up of the Picard variety Pic2(Γ) along the curve parametrizing lines contained in X. © 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg