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Microxenoliths of sedimentary-marine carbonatoliths in fumaroles of the crater zone of the Second Cone of the BTFE Northern Breach, which were exposed to exhalative-pneumatolytic fluids with the formation of many compounds with mixed carbonate-sulfate-chloride anionic radicals, which are considered as two interclass and nine intertype crystal chemical hybrids, are studied at the expense of carbonates. The pattern of heterogeneity of mineral parasteresis revealed in the altered microxenoliths is interpreted by us as the result of a successive epigenetic transformation of primary carbonates, first into sulfate-carbonates, then into carbonate-sulfates, and then into chloride-carbonate-sulfates and chlorides. Judging by the absence of signs of phase heterogeneity, the investigated crystal-chemical hybrids are homogeneous solid-phase mixtures of carbonates, sulfates, and chlorides in different proportions. The carbonates in microxenoliths in terms of carbon isotope composition (δ13СPDB = –5.34 ± 0.62‰) and oxygen (δ18OSMOW = 24.09 ± 1.05‰) correspond to carbonates of sedimentary-marine limestones redeposited under conditions of volcanic transport. The isotopic composition of sulfate sulfur (δ34S = 1.5–2‰) varies within the range of fluctuations established for sulfates of volcanogenic origin. In carbon particles associated with microxenoliths, the isotopic compositions of carbon (δ13CPDB = –27.37 ± 2.97‰) and nitrogen (δ15NAir = 6.74 ± 2.48‰) tend to be similar to the mode of distribution of such values in the products of modern continental volcanism. The identified crystal-chemical hybrids are a typomorphic feature of the fumarous-exhalative facies and are considered as a previously unknown phenomenon of modern volcanism.
Microxenoliths of sedimentary-marine carbonatoliths in fumaroles of the crater zone of the Second Cone of the BTFE Northern Breach, which were exposed to exhalative-pneumatolytic fluids with the formation of many compounds with mixed carbonate-sulfate-chloride anionic radicals, which are considered as two interclass and nine intertype crystal chemical hybrids, are studied at the expense of carbonates. The pattern of heterogeneity of mineral parasteresis revealed in the altered microxenoliths is interpreted by us as the result of a successive epigenetic transformation of primary carbonates, first into sulfate-carbonates, then into carbonate-sulfates, and then into chloride-carbonate-sulfates and chlorides. Judging by the absence of signs of phase heterogeneity, the investigated crystal-chemical hybrids are homogeneous solid-phase mixtures of carbonates, sulfates, and chlorides in different proportions. The carbonates in microxenoliths in terms of carbon isotope composition (δ13СPDB = –5.34 ± 0.62‰) and oxygen (δ18OSMOW = 24.09 ± 1.05‰) correspond to carbonates of sedimentary-marine limestones redeposited under conditions of volcanic transport. The isotopic composition of sulfate sulfur (δ34S = 1.5–2‰) varies within the range of fluctuations established for sulfates of volcanogenic origin. In carbon particles associated with microxenoliths, the isotopic compositions of carbon (δ13CPDB = –27.37 ± 2.97‰) and nitrogen (δ15NAir = 6.74 ± 2.48‰) tend to be similar to the mode of distribution of such values in the products of modern continental volcanism. The identified crystal-chemical hybrids are a typomorphic feature of the fumarous-exhalative facies and are considered as a previously unknown phenomenon of modern volcanism.
Abstract—The results of spectral analyses of infiltration deposits of a large karst system in carbonate-sulfate deposits are presented. The movement of loose material from the surface through deformation zones within an array with a capacity of 80–90 m leads to accumulations of gravel-clay deposits in the lower part of grottoes and galleries. The localization of deposits is confined to certain forms of underground karst relief – organ pipes: vertical structures up to 20–25 m high, free or filled with debris. Regularities in the distribution of individual oxides and elements are revealed, their values are compared with residual deposits, as well as matrix rocks. Infiltration waters entering the karst massif in the pre-paleogenic stage determined the conditions for the formation of cryogenic minerals during the freezing of rocks. The cyclical nature of the material intake is compared with the periods of Late Pleistocene climatic events.
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