Subject of study. This study investigates the characteristic and dispersion equations of modes in a class C laser, along with the mode spectrum. Aim of study. The aim is to examine how the field structure, frequencies, and wavenumbers of modes are influenced by laser parameters. Method. Numerical modeling of the characteristic and dispersion equations for a class C laser is carried out, with analytical estimates provided in specific cases. Main results. The structure, frequencies, and growth or decay rates of polariton modes are evaluated in relation to the distributed feedback of counterpropagating waves and the population inversion generated by pumping. This analysis is performed for typical parameters of a superradiant laser with an open Fabry–Perot cavity, where the photon lifetime is comparable with or shorter than the phase relaxation time of the optical dipole oscillations of active centers. The findings show that adjusting the distributed-feedback coefficient of counterpropagating waves enables effective control of the polariton mode spectrum, including lasing within the photonic bandgap, where electromagnetic modes are suppressed. Practical significance. The study offers valuable insights into how variations in laser parameters affect the mode spectrum, aiding in the control of lasing.