Інформаційний Захист: Історіографія, Визначення, Механізми Впровадження

Abstract

The article deals with the concept of information warfare, so the comparative analysis of definitions of information warfare and information confrontation is done and the features and essence of these concepts are determined. Based on the analysis of 63 publications in Russian Internet media of different directions, it was concluded that the media in these media had a negative attitude to the events in Ukraine and the general themes of the materials, and their ideological orientation has not changed for today.

Luxury Fashion Brands and Consumers: Women are more sexualized by consumers than brands on Instagram

“…Sexual objectification is the act of treating a person as an object of sexual desire, reducing her to a mere thing for use, where her individual's humanity is diminished. Following the theory, the sexualization of women's body is focusing on (Fredrickson and Roberts, 1997;Widdows, 2018): physical presentation (Kitsa and Mudra, 2019;Salazar, 2007), body display (Döring, Reif, and Poeschl, 2016;Lindner, 2004), sexual suggestive poses (Adomaitis and Saiki, 2019) and feminine touch (Döring, Reif, and Poeschl, 2016;Goffman, 1988). Physical presentation, the primary feature of the dominant sexual-beauty ideal is that of thinness (Kitsa and Mudra, 2019;Salazar, 2007;Widdows, 2018).…”

“…Following the theory, the sexualization of women's body is focusing on (Fredrickson and Roberts, 1997;Widdows, 2018): physical presentation (Kitsa and Mudra, 2019;Salazar, 2007), body display (Döring, Reif, and Poeschl, 2016;Lindner, 2004), sexual suggestive poses (Adomaitis and Saiki, 2019) and feminine touch (Döring, Reif, and Poeschl, 2016;Goffman, 1988). Physical presentation, the primary feature of the dominant sexual-beauty ideal is that of thinness (Kitsa and Mudra, 2019;Salazar, 2007;Widdows, 2018). Salazar (2007) quantified advertisements that use messages that contain images of female body and analyzed the models used in ads; based on her results, she warned that female body image has been changing toward thinner exemplifications, favoring serious alterations in eating behavior, such as anorexia and bulimia.…”

“…Döring, Reif, and Poeschl (2016) analyzed men and women selfies, they found that females use self-touching 84.8% and men 15.2% (see Table 1). (Kitsa and Mudra, 2019;Salazar, 2007;Widdows, 2018).…”

“…Studies about gender stereotypes in advertising have been done many times before (Fullerton, 2000;Kitsa and Mudra, 2019;Plakoyiannaki and Zotos, 2009;Plakoyiannaki et al, 2008;Soloaga and Muriel, 2008;Tortajada, Araüna, and Martínez, 2013), but there are few studies about women portrayal in luxury brands. Furthermore, to the best of the authors' knowledge, there is not any academic inquiry in comparing how brands portrayed women and how luxury fashion brand's hashtag that consumers use in their post portrayed women on Instagram. Thus, in the current study, we seek to investigate how luxury fashion brands portray women and how consumers' Instagram users portray women in terms of body-appearance, and stereotypes.…”