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key words: physical limnology, heat flux, stratification, density, deep water running header: geothermal heat flux into deep caldera lakes for submission to "Limnology" -2 - AbstractGeothermal heat fluxes into the deepest waters of four caldera lakes were measured.Temperature profiles within the stratification period between July and November 2007 allowed a quantification of the acquired heat. Due to their enormous depth, heat input from 5 the lake bed was locally separated from heat fluxes at the surface. In conclusion, a direct measurement of geothermal heat input could be accomplished. Although enhanced geothermal activity could be suspected in all cases, two lakes showed a geothermal heat flux of 0.29 or 0.27 W/m² (Lake Shikotsu and Lake Tazawa), as found in other regions not affected by volcanism, while both other lakes (Lake Kuttara and Lake Towada) showed a 10 much enhanced heat input of 1 or 18.6 W/m², respectively. In conclusion within our investigated set, all lakes acquired more heat from the underground than the continental heat flux average. Hence, the heat flux into the lakes from the ground was not dominated by the temperature gradient implied by the inner heat of the Earth. Other effects like the general temperature difference of deep lake water and the groundwater or local sources of heat in the 15 underground deliver more important contributions. Obviously the flow of water in the underground can play a decisive role in the heat transport into the deep waters of lakes.-3 -
key words: physical limnology, heat flux, stratification, density, deep water running header: geothermal heat flux into deep caldera lakes for submission to "Limnology" -2 - AbstractGeothermal heat fluxes into the deepest waters of four caldera lakes were measured.Temperature profiles within the stratification period between July and November 2007 allowed a quantification of the acquired heat. Due to their enormous depth, heat input from 5 the lake bed was locally separated from heat fluxes at the surface. In conclusion, a direct measurement of geothermal heat input could be accomplished. Although enhanced geothermal activity could be suspected in all cases, two lakes showed a geothermal heat flux of 0.29 or 0.27 W/m² (Lake Shikotsu and Lake Tazawa), as found in other regions not affected by volcanism, while both other lakes (Lake Kuttara and Lake Towada) showed a 10 much enhanced heat input of 1 or 18.6 W/m², respectively. In conclusion within our investigated set, all lakes acquired more heat from the underground than the continental heat flux average. Hence, the heat flux into the lakes from the ground was not dominated by the temperature gradient implied by the inner heat of the Earth. Other effects like the general temperature difference of deep lake water and the groundwater or local sources of heat in the 15 underground deliver more important contributions. Obviously the flow of water in the underground can play a decisive role in the heat transport into the deep waters of lakes.-3 -
Rhyolitic to basaltic dikes crop out along the west coast of the Oga Peninsula, NE Japan, and have a coherent N E trend in the volcanic piles of the Late Eocene Monzen Formation and the Early Miocene Nomuragawa Formation. The dikes are similar in petrographic features and isotopic ages to the volcanic successions, and some dikes are connected to lava flows in the host successions. Map-scale normal faults within the Late Eocene and Early Miocene successions have similar trends to the dikes, suggesting NW-SE extensional stress at the time of dike emplacement. The crust in this area was extended by due solely to dike intrusion, as deduced from the total thickness of the dikes. The total thickness of Late Eocene dikes is ca. . times greater than that of Early Miocene dikes. Crustal extension was initially achieved mainly by igneous intrusions, but later by waxing normal faulting that resulted in the opening of the Japan Sea. Abstract
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