A microstudy of soil physical properties in combination with geoelectric delineation were adopted for the evaluation of groundwater contamination prospect from leachate migration at Bowen University dumpsite location. Samples of soil were collected from five different locations, with five locations within the dumpsite and one control sample which is 200 m far away from the dumpsite locations. A core sampler which is attached to the soil auger is used to obtain each sample within 60 cm depth. Each sample is collected into a sample bag and properly labeled for laboratory analysis. Schlumberger electrode configuration was employed for the survey spread to delineate total of four (4) Vertical electrical sounding (VES) points with electrode spacing varying 60 to 100 m. This was done to obtain resistivity, thickness and depth within the dumpsite location. The results of the average value of the soil properties between the control and the dumpsite are compared such that the soil properties for control site reveal a bulk density (BD) of 1.45 g/cm3, particle density (PD) of 2.63 g/cm3 and porosity (PO) of 44.90%, respectively. Whereas, the mean soil properties of the dumpsite show that BD is 1.35 g/cm3, PD is 2.93 g/cm3, and PO is 54.07%, respectively. This signifies that the control location has high BD, low PD and low PO, while the dumpsite reveals an inverse of the control results. Also, the results from the interpreted VES data reveal the prospect of migration of contaminants from the topsoil to the alluvium, which could further percolate to the aquifer with time. It could be concluded that groundwater contamination is feasible within the study area, since an alluvium and porous soils could permit leachate migration to the aquifer.

Rainfall trend is an important climatic factor that influences agricultural products, groundwater production, drainage planning, commercial and industrial activities. The research aims to determine the trends and variability of monthly, seasonal, and annual rainfall for 30 years (from 1980 to 2010) in Sokoto (13.0059° N, 5.2476° E) and Maiduguri (11. 8333° N, 13.1500° E) using archives data obtained from the Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NiMet), Oshodi Lagos Nigeria. Statistical models were used to analyze the data. The results reveal that the maximum rainfall recorded was 371.60 mm at Maiduguri station and 374.90 mm at Sokoto station which shows a higher rainfall peak in Sokoto than Maiduguri. The coefficient of variation in the Sokoto station (126.39%) was higher than that of Maiduguri station (61.78%) which indicates that there was more rainfall variability in Sokoto than in Maiduguri. Seasonally, the average rainfall recorded in both stations was 61.78% and 126.39% respectively. No rainfall was recorded in January, February, and November for Maiduguri station, more so, no rainfall was recorded in January, November, and December for Sokoto station. According to Man-Kendal trend analysis, significant trends (p<0.5) were observed in Maiduguri and Sokoto. Therefore, the modelled statistical approach on rainfall trends and variability revealed that the peak month of annual rainfall is between June and September for the two stations. It can be recommended that the government should make favourable policies to utilize the rainfall received during this period to store more water in reservoirs and construction of water channels across the country.

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Groundwater plays a very important and fundamental part in human existence because of its essential role in living systems. The study aimed at carrying out an empirical study into groundwater protective potential and water quality around Obafemi Awolowo University solid waste facility and AbaGboro Community. This was achieved by using the electrical resistivity method to delineate the subsurface inhomogeneity around the dumpsite facility and also using the PG990 Atomic Absorption Spectrometer for metal analysis of water quality. The Schlumberger electrode array arrangement was engaged in the survey. A total of twelve vertical electrical soundings (VES) data was collected within the Obafemi Awolowo University dumpsite. The water samples were collected at two locations within the AbaGboro community which was 4.5 Km from the dumpsite to determine its quality. The results of the VES revealed the depth, resistivity, and thickness. The observed resistivity and the thickness values were further used in determining the groundwater protective potential, by calculating the Dar -Zarrouk parameters which showed that 91.7% of the study area is within poor/weak protective potential. The result from the water analysis of the hand-dug bore holes of the two different locations in the AbaGboro Community showed the presence of heavy metal concentrations as Pb, As, Mn, Cd, Zn, Cr and Co. Therefore, periodic assessment of water quality should always be carried out because we cannot anticipate when the groundwater will be contaminated due to relatively poor/weak groundwater protective potential.

In both affluent and developing countries, electricity serves as the focal point for all developmental initiatives. Alternative sources of energy must be found in order to ensure a reliable supply of clean energy for everyone as the world, and Nigeria in particular, are facing impending shortage of fossil fuels, most immediately oil, which has created a significant gap between energy demand and supply due to insufficient local production. In this article, the potential for solar energy to increase Nigeria’s energy supply is discussed. Sunlight, a renewable, non-depleting energy source, generates solar energy. The quantity of solar Energy being received by the Earth hourly is abundant to supply the required energy on annual basis. Due to the constant demand for power in our present age, solar energy is incredibly effective and pollution-free. As a result, in this regard, solar energy and its potential to improve Nigeria’s energy supply as well as its future trends are discussed. The article is aimed to cover several uses and strategies for promoting solar energy in our society: Nigeria as a case study.