In this paper we evaluate plasticity of fish concerning diet. We expect that sampling over a large temporal and spatial scale, including environmental changes such as impoundments, will allow us to cover most of the diet plasticity. We also evaluate the efficacy of ordination method in discriminating trophic groups based on fish species diet. Data were obtained from 17 sampling stations sampled monthly from March/96 to February/99 in the Corumbá river drainage, before and after the formation of the Corumba reservoir. Diet was determined analysing 9,177 stomach contents from 64 fish species. Trophic categories were discriminated by a non-hierarchic grouping analysis named k-means, applied to diet data. Most of the species presented great trophic plasticity, eating a great variety of food items. Resources availability, estimated from all fish stomach contents, was similar among environments, except in creeks, where it varied more with a large importance of terrestrial insects. K-means present satisfactory results, identifying nine trophic groups (detritivores, herbivore-piscivores, insectivore-herbivores, omnivores, invertivores, aquatic insectivores, piscivore-insectivores, piscivores and herbivores).Neste estudo avaliamos a plasticidade trófica em peixes. Nós esperamos que amostras obtidas com uma ampla escala temporal e espacial, incluindo mudanças ambientais como represamentos, nos permita cobrir a maior parte desta plasticidade. Foi avaliada também a eficiência do método de ordenação em discriminar os grupos tróficos baseado na dieta das espécies. As amostragens foram realizadas mensalmente de março/96 a fevereiro/99 em 17 estações de coleta na bacia do rio Corumbá antes e após a formação do reservatório de Corumbá. Foram analisados 9177 conteúdos estomacais, pertencentes a 64 espécies. As categorias tróficas foram discriminadas através de uma análise de agrupamento não hierárquica denominada K-means aplicada aos dados de dieta. A maioria das espécies apresentou elevada plasticidade trófica, consumindo uma grande variedade de itens alimentares. A disponibilidade dos recursos alimentares, estimada através de todos os conteúdos estomacais, foi similar entre os ambientes a exceção dos riachos, onde ocorreu maior heterogeneidade e os insetos terrestres tiveram grande importância. A análise K-means revelou resultados satisfatórios, identificando nove grupos tróficos (detritívoros, herbívoro-piscívoros, insetívoro-herbívoros, onívoros, invertívoros, insetívoros aquáticos, piscívoro-insetívoros, piscívoros e herbívoros).

Relationships between ovarian structure, oocyte structure/development, and parental care/life history strategies of six loricariid catfishes common in the upper Paraná River, Brazil were examined with analysis of catch data, relative gonad weight, histology, and microscopy. Three life history strategies were observed. Loricariichthys platymetopon, Loricariichthys sp. and Loricaria sp. produce several small clutches of large eggs over a protracted spawning period. Males of these species guard their eggs and larvae, which are transported as a mass on the ventral surface of the male's body. Hypostomus ternetzi and Megalancistrus aculeatus produce the largest mature eggs and the smallest clutches relative to adult mass. The spawning periods of these species are short, and males guard their broods in excavations. Rhinelepis aspera has high fecundity, high relative mass of mature gonads (both sexes), small mature eggs, and broadcast spawning with no parental care. This species migrates to spawn over firm substrates in channel areas during a contracted period. Mature oocytes of external bearers had the thickest zona radiata, followed by the egg scatterer, and cavity nesters. The thickness of the zona radiata probably is an adaptation to protect the developing egg from injury from abrasion. The zona granulosa appeared to be associated with production of secretions responsible for egg adhesion, and this layer was thickest in mature oocytes of the cavity nesting species, followed by the external bearers. All six species have wide distributions in the Paraná River, tributaries, floodplain lagoons, and the Itaipu Reservoir, but brood guarders tended to be most common in lentic habitats. 2000 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles

Most loricariids are algivorous and detritivorous and play an important role in both the grazer and detritus food chains of neotropical waters. Relationships between morphological variation and diet were analysed in six syntopic species (Rhinelepis aspera, Hypostomus regani, H. ternetzi, H. margaritifer, H. microstomus and Megalancistrus aculeatus) fished commercially in a 10 km 2 area of the Upper Paraná River upstream from the Itaipu Reservoir. Species feeding on fine grained detritus use suction to obtain food, and possess a well-developed respiratory membrane, long gill rakers, rudimentary labial and pharyngeal teeth, a thin stomach wall, and a long intestine. Species feeding on coarser material (e.g. periphyton), ingest food by scraping the substratum. Their morphological characteristics are large, strong, spatulate teeth, short gill rakers, a well-developed stomach, and a shorter intestine. The first species group is composed by R. aspera while the latter by M. aculeatus and H. microstomus. The others species had an intermediary position. 2001 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles

–  River–floodplain systems present intense temporal variations in physical, chemical and biological factors. These variations are closely related to alterations in water levels, which have been attributed to the flood pulse. As several species are strictly related to the flood pulse to fulfil their life cycle, the pulse may be seen as a dispersal mechanism of species onto a floodplain. In this study, we determine how dam construction influenced the persistence of Prochilodus lineatus population, a large migratory fish species from the upper Paraná River floodplain. Data used were collected in two distinct periods, from April 1992 to March 1993 and from January 1999 to December 2001. Fish were collected using seining nets in six (monthly in the first period) and seven (quarterly in the second period) isolated lagoons. The fraction of occupied lagoons was high in the first period (higher than 0.65), when flood was intense. However, in the second period, when the flood pulse did not happen or was short, the fraction of occupied lagoons sharply decreased over time (from 0.85 to 0.22). For the first period, no model fitted to data, but for the second period, a negative linear model (named drought‐dependent model) presented good fit (r2 = 0.97). Therefore, it is possible to infer that long and intense flood pulses are important to maintain the persistence of P. lineatus populations in the floodplain. The artificial control of water levels prompted by dams disrupts this dynamic, reducing persistence to critical levels.