The paper presents composition of innovative material used for corrosion protection of reinforced concrete structures and experimental data on the increase in cracking of reinforced concrete elements coated with polymer-cement protective layer against corrosive media.

In Armenia SSR there are extremely rich reserves of natural lightweight porous stones (volcanic tufts, pumice, scoria) which are the starting raw material of aggregates not only for structural-insulating but also for purely structural concretes. Investigations carried out at the Armenia Research Institute of Buildings, Materials, and Structures (AISM) [1,2] showed that the impermeability of lightweight concretes with natural porous aggregates is appreciably higher than that of concretes with rock aggregates. As a consequence of the absorption properties of porous aggregates in conc[ete a consolidated cement crust forms around these aggregates, which plugs the surface pores, and this increases the frost-resistance and lowers the permeability of the material As a result of the investigations, lightweight vibrated concretes with natural aggregates for hydraulic construction were obtained which are characterized by an impermeability of grade V10 and higher and a frost resistance of Mrz300; however, the wearability of these concretes is poorer than that of ordinary concretes. The lightweight concretes can be used if the velocity of the water does not exceed 2-8 m/sec, and the concentration of silt in the water is not more than 2%; these conditions are characteristic for most hydraulic structures of Armenia.Lightweight concrete was used in open channels, tunnel linings, pressure chambers, and penstocks, and underground and aboveground parts of the Gyumush hydroelectric power station and others. Field observations of these structures during 15 year s of operation have shown that the life of such lightweight concrete is no less than that of ordinary concrete. At present GOST 4797-64 permits using lightweight aggregates in concrete for hydraulic construction if it is technically and economically substantiated.Rubble and sand of lithoid pumice of the Lusavan deposit, which was found along the route of the diversion, were used in the construction of the Gyumush hydroelectric power station. The economic expediency of concrete with lithoid pumice was substantiated [3] by cheaper transportation costs and selling prices for aggregates of lithoid pumice in comparison with these indexes for ordinary aggregates. According to the budget data the cost of rubble of lithoid pumice was less by a factor of 2 and the cost of sand by a factor of 5 than the cost of corresponding heavyweight aggregates.The successful use of lithoid-pumice concretes in the construction of the Gyumush hydroelectric power station made it possible to use them also at the construction of the other stations of the Sevan-Razdan sequence-the Arznin, Atarbekyan, and Erevan stations. Between 1949 and 1964 the volume of lithoid pumice concrete placed in structures of the Sevan-Razdan sequence quadrupled the volume of ordinary concrete and amounted to more than 1 million m q.The effectiveness of concretes with natural lightweight aggregates is estimated in terms of the index of the reduced sum of expenditures C c + KE 0 by comparing the base costs of concrete (C c) and...

In the civil legislation of the countries of the continental system of law, the basic principle is the principle of good faith. It is this principle that is the most significant and directly regulates the legal relations of the parties, especially in the law of obligations, even if there is no indication of it in the terms of the contract. In the English contract law, on the other hand, there is no principle of good faith. In the article, the author analyzes the practice of the Supreme Court of England and Wales on disputes arising from agreements that include a condition on the good faith behavior of the parties. Despite the lack of statutory enforcement of the principle of good faith in the English law, recent precedents suggest that English courts are increasingly finding that good faith conduct by the parties may not only be expressly stated in the terms of a contract, but may also be implied in the contract, albeit in a limited number of cases. In each specific case, the courts, taking into account the wording of the terms of the contract, determine the content of the concept of “good faith” in relation to a specific obligation (clause of the contract), without extending this principle to the performance of the entire contract as a whole. The English courts hold that the agreement of the parties is paramount and broader obligations will not be implied by default.

The process of formation and development of evaluation concepts in civil law has a long history and is associated with the development of law, the improvement of legislative technology due to the gradual abandonment of the casuistic method of regulating legal relations and the increase in the abstractness of legal prescriptions. This legal writing technique had already been present in the law of ancient states. The purpose of the paper is to clarify the features of the formation and development of evaluation concepts in civil law through the study of the historical experience of their use in the sources of civil law, which to a certain extent became the basis of modern Russian civil law. It is also relevant to establish the reasons for the growing trend towards the use of more flexible methods of regulating civil law relations. As a result of comparative legal research, analysis of historical sources of law and modern legislation, it was concluded that civil law norms containing evaluation concepts are known to all legal systems from the earliest stages of development of law. These legal constructions are an integral part of legal regulation. The paper analyzes and substantiates the historical conditionality of a steady upward trend in civil law in the number of norms containing evaluation concepts, the continuity of this process. The reason for this is the improvement and development of legislative techniques, the use of more flexible dispositive methods of regulating civil legal relations. At the same time, attempts by the legislator to fix the main features and content, approximate criteria for individual evaluation concepts in the rules of law are noted in order to uniformly apply them and limit the freedom of discretion of the law enforcer