Conventional coronary angiography does not provide thorough information about the structure of atherosclerotic lesions and severity of vascular stenosis. Since their introduction in past decades, optical coherence tomography and intravascular ultrasound have demonstrated high diagnostic yield in patients with coronary heart disease, translated into improved clinical outcomes. The fractional flow reserve and instantaneous wave-free ratio have emerged as reliable criteria for assessment of hemodynamically significant lesions, and allowed a more tailored approach to myocardial revascularization. In the current paper, we aimed to review the main aspects of clinical utilization of invasive studies complementing coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention.
Antiplatelet therapy is an essential part of cardiovascular prevention in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Damage to the vascular wall caused by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is accompanied by extensive platelet activation followed by inevitable risk of thrombosis within implanted stent both in patients with acute coronary syndromes and in those with chronic CHD especially before endothelization is completed. Effective prevention of ischaemic complications necessitates dual antiplatelet therapy including its combination with anticoagulation therapy. Duration of the combined therapy is determined by clinical scenario as well as balancing the risk of ischaemic and haemorrhagic events. Risk assessment is an integral part of patient management. Technological advances in the field of coronary interventions aim to assess atherosclerotic lesions precisely in terms of requirement of revascularization, minimize damage to the vascular wall, promote endothelization, and allow shortening of antithrombotic therapy without losing long-term effectiveness of PCI and increasing the rate of stent thrombosis. The current review discusses prevention of complications after PCI with focus on antithrombotic therapy as well as future perspectives of PCI.
Чрескожные коронарные вмешательства (ЧКВ) получили широкое распространение в лечении острых и хронических форм ишемической болезни сердца (ИБС) благодаря положительному эффекту на прогноз (снижение смертности) и качество жизни (толерантность к физической нагрузке) пациентов с коронарным атеросклерозом. Коронарная ангиопластика неизбежно ведет к повреждению сосудистой стенки, активации воспаления и пролиферации клеток в зоне имплантации стента. Тромбоз стента и рестеноз внутри стента ограничивают эффективность ЧКВ, могут быть причиной рецидива симптомов стенокардии, развития инфаркта миокарда и летального исхода, порождают необходимость повторной реваскуляризации миокарда. Начиная с первой процедуры ангиопластики по настоящее время совершенствование технологий производства стентов направлено на снижение риска осложнений ЧКВ и долговременную эффективность стентирования. В статье обсуждаются технические аспекты и эволюция стентов и ЧКВ, современные технологии, преимущества и недостатки интервенционного лечения пациентов с ИБС. Ключевые слова: атеросклероз коронарных артерий, коронарная ангиопластика, коронарное стентирование, стенты, тромбоз стента, рестеноз внутри стента.
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