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The main components of solid atmospheric aerosol are soil and rock particles raised from the earth’s surface by wind erosion, and primary biological aerosol particles. In the composition of atmospheric aerosol, many pollutants, both mineral and organic, appear in areas with intensive human activity. Summer dust (solid atmospheric fallouts) that fell out of atmosphere was collected at two sites in Moscow (the territory of the Leo Tolstoy Museum-Estate in Khamovniki and the Botanical Garden of the Biological Faculty of Moscow State University). Morphological and microbiological studies were carried out in order to characterize the composition of the organic part of urban solid atmospheric fallouts and its possible impact on soils and the urban ecosystem as a whole. It has been found that the composition of the organic part of the samples was identical and included: the representatives of aeroplankton and other particles of biological origin, and also fragments of oil films, plastic fibers, carbon particles, etc., which indicated the hydrocarbon and microplastic pollution brought from the atmosphere. The composition of the studied groups of microorganisms in atmospheric fallouts and in urban soils was similar and indicated close ecological links between urban dust aerosol and soils. The biomass of the studied groups of microorganisms of atmospheric solids was dominated by fungi, many of which are potentially pathogenic and allergenic organisms. Apparently, atmospheric solid aerosols are carriers of microbiological pollution associated with animal feces in the city. The presence of such particles in the air indicates insufficient soil activity as a “bacterial filter”.