The upgrading of foundries at machine plants is inextricably tied to providing them with modern melting and casting equipment and modern instruments to monitor routine melting operations in order to improve the properties of the metal being made.Most of the measurements performed in these foundries are related to monitoring and controlling temperature during the melting and casting of metal.Such measurements are often obtained by using portable rods with standardized, replaceable sets of thermocouples made with platinum-group metals. The thermocouples vary in design and are used for real-time measurement of temperature. One of the shortcomings of these instruments is the very short measurement period (~3-7 sec). The accuracy of measurements of the temperature of molten metal by systems in which the aforementioned thermocouples are the key component is determined by the agreement between their readings, the measurement error, the error made in recording the output signal of the thermocouples, the methodological error, and, finally, the calibration error.The melting point of most ferrous metals is within the range 1400-1700°C. Temperatures in this range are usually measured with platinum-group thermocouples of the TPR class (type B) and tungsten-rhenium thermocouples of the TVR class (type A). The measurement range is 600-1800°C for the platinum-group thermocouples and 1000-2500°C for the tungstenrhenium thermocouples. For temperatures between 800 and 1800°C, the following formulas are used to calculate the deviations of thermo-emf allowed for these instruments in tolerance-class two in conformity with the standard GOST R 8.585-2001: ±Δt = 0.0025 t, for the TPR class and ±Δt = 0.005 t, for the TVR class, where ±Δt is the allowable range of deviation of the thermocouple measurements,°C; t is the temperature being measured,°C.Thus, the error of the thermocouple itself in measuring the temperature of melts of ferrous metals at 1600°C will be ±4°C for the TPR class and ±8°C for the TVR class. However, it should be pointed out that these are the errors for ideal measurement conditions. The errors just cited do not include the error of the recording equipment that takes the readings from the thermocouples and converts them into temperature. The cited errors also do not include the methodological error associated with the measurement process itself.Proceeding on the basis of the foregoing, the total error that is made in measuring the temperature of a steel melt by the method described above is generally ±(6-20)°C for TPR thermocouples and ±(10-30)°C for TVR thermocouples -and this is in the best case.We are presenting a proven method for real-time measurement of the temperature of different grades of steel, cast iron, and nonferrous metals. The method is based on the pyrometric method of measurement.However, there are still questions regarding the reliability of pyrometric measurements of the temperature of liquid metals. The questions are related to smoke concentration, the presence of slag on the surface, and the varia...
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