The introduction of modern robot-assisted and laparoscopic methods of surgical interventions have extended the range of surgical indications, at the same time as raising a number of specific problems related to the technical features of minimally invasive treatment. This fact makes us consider the effect of surgical aggression on the patient from a new perspective. In particular, the influence of pneumoperitoneum and the patient’s position on venous return, regional blood flow changes, and concomitant shifts of some homeokinetic systems require elucidation. This article reviews the available literature to describe the main features of anesthesia during robot-assisted surgical interventions. Recommendations from systematic reviews and meta-analyses were used. The search depth comprised the period of 12 years (2011–2022). Such factors as antiphysiological position on the operating table, tense carboxyperitoneum, and carboxythorax affect almost all organs and many regulatory mechanisms, thus having a pathological effect on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, kidney, liver, intestines, blood coagulation system, immune system, and thermoregulation mechanisms. These effects are particularly pronounced in patients with concomitant diseases. In addition to knowledge in the field of pathophysiology, surgeons should be capable of predicting the course of events to take actions aimed at preventing the development of complications. Robot-assisted surgical interventions, although being less traumatic, are characterized by specific features that should be taken into account when preparing a patient to undergo surgery, selecting an optimal method of surgical intervention, and managing the patient in the intra- and postoperative period with rehabilitation.

Введение. Внедрение мини-инвазивных хирургических технологий, в том числе и робот-ассистированных, позволило, с одной стороны, расширить показания к операциям, а с другой -породило ряд специфических проблем, связанных с техническими особенностями малоинвазивного лечения. Последнее заставляет по-новому рассмотреть влияние на пациента хирургической агрессии, требующей и адекватного анестезиологического пособия с целью обеспечения безопасности пациента, с коррекцией изменений гомеостаза. Цель исследования. Улучшение результатов обеспечения безопасности пациентов при маммарокоронарном шунтировании с применением робот-ассистированной хирургической системы Da Vinci. Материалы и методы. В исследовании участвовали 12 пациентов, у которых выполнено робот-ассистированное эндоскопическое выделение левой внутренней грудной артерии, а затем наложение анастомоза на переднюю нисходящую ветвь через мини-торакотомию в 5-м межреберье в условиях однолегочной ингаляционной анестезии на основе севофлурана с продленной ESP-аналгезией. Результаты и обсуждение. Серьезных осложнений, таких как инфаркт миокарда, острое нарушение мозгового кровообращения, не зафиксировано и летальных исходов не было. Выписка или перевод в отделение реабилитации происходили на 5-7-е сутки. Заключение. Внедрение малоинвазивных технологий, в том числе и робот-ассистированных, требует от анестезиолога-реаниматолога и кардиохирургов не только знаний о патофизиологических факторах, которые влияют на сердечно-сосудистую и дыхательную системы, но и умения прогнозировать ход событий и предпринимать действия, направленные на предотвращение развития осложнений.

Evaluation of the impact of carotid endarterectomy on the cognitive status of patients remains debatable, since patients with atherosclerotic lesions of the carotid arteries suffer from chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency, and changes in the cognitive status of patients after carotid endarterectomy may be due to factors such as increased blood supply to the brain, microembolism after the start of blood flow, and cerebral ischemia during cross-clamping and also the effect of various anesthesia drugs on the cognitive status in these patients is ambiguous.Purpose. To assess age-related changes in cognitive status in patients with atherosclerotic lesions of the carotid arteries in the postoperative periodMaterial and methods. Neuropsychological testing was performed in 128 patients after eversion carotid endarterectomy, divided into age groups and depending on the methods of anesthesia: Propofol group and Sevoflurane group.Results. In patients under the age of 60 years, there is an improvement in cognitive status in the early and late postoperative period, while in patients of the older age group, there is a slowdown in the progression of cognitive dysfunction in both groups of anesthesia.Conclusion. An important criterion for evaluating the surgical prevention of cerebrovascular accidents is clinical effectiveness, in particular, the impact of operations and anesthesia methods on the cognitive sphere of patients of different ages with pathology of the main arteries of the head, which determines the quality of life not only for patients, but also for relatives.

Background. According to the World Health Organization, the atherosclerosis development depends on the quality of life and lifestyle (60 %), genetic (20 %), environmental factors (10 %) and quality of medical aid (5 %). The routes to defeat atherosclerosis generally and certain systemic enzyme disorders in particular pertain in research into the population genetic predispositions to this pathology.Materials and methods. A comparative study of genetic predispositions to malignant brachiocephalic atherosclerosis analysed the renin—angiotensin system gene association in 60 patients. Th e renin—angiotensin system allelic and polymorphic loci haplotype frequencies have been determined.Results and discussion. Patients with atherosclerotic brachiocephalic vascular lesions revealed a statistically significant frequency of the AGT gene’s allele C involved in coronary heart disease development.Conclusion. Th e study suggests a putative involvement of the angiotensinogen system genes in mediating the development of brachiocephalic atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease