An economic concept of protecting the atmosphere from dust exhausts in refractory production is proposed. The efficiency of measures intended to decrease atmospheric pollution is considered at two levels: primary level -lowering the damage caused to the environment by decreasing dust exhausts: secondary -an integrated socioeconomic effect (improving the living standard of the population and increasing national wealth). A procedure is recommended for estimating the economic damage to company fixed assets caused by dust exhausts.The estimate of the socioeconomic efficiency of measures taken to protect the ambient medium from dust exhausts is determined as the difference between the cost (damage) with or without a system for atmosphere protection from dust emission. In the production of refractory materials the dust components emitted in the atmosphere contain substantial quantities of materials that have to be recycled in the technological process. Figure 1 shows the ratio of the atmospheric protection cost to the damage cost and the range of minimal overall costs corresponding to a certain range of the weight concentration of dust [1].The authors in [2] analyze the economic efficiency of measures intended to decrease the atmospheric pollution at two levels: the primary and the secondary ones. The primary level involves lowering the damage caused by a negative impact on the environment, improving its state by decreasing dust exhaust into the atmosphere. The secondary (integrated socioeconomic) level involves the improvement of the living standards of the population and increase in production efficiency and national wealth. The total (absolute) economic effect of all environment-protecting expenses E e is characterized as the ratio of the total annual economic effect to the

Methods are proposed for designing interpolation models for the preliminary determination and subsequent forecasting of general and fractional breakthrough coefficients for dust used with granular filters, as employed in energy-saving and high-performance dust trapping from technological gases and ventilation discharges in refractory production. The models are supplied with nomograms, which makes them widely suitable for experts working in environmental protection at refractory-producing organizations. The main factors are identified that influence the performance. The results are of interest to experts in related areas of industry such as building materials and engineering ceramics and so on.The general and fractional breakthrough coefficients K and K j are major working characteristics of granular dust trapping filters in refractory production. The breakthrough coefficient isin which z i and z f are the dust contents of the gases or ventilation discharges before the trap and after it respectively in g/m 3 . The effects of actual conditions on the values of these quantities are so varied that it is impossible to present a unified and theoretically sound method of determining them. It is best to use interpolation models in the ranges for the actual physicochemical parameters of the flow and the geometrical characteristics of the trap. It has been found [1] that in generalin which w is the linear velocity of the dusty gas flow in m/sec; d e is the equivalent diameter of the pore channels in the filter layer in m; H is the thickness of the filter material in m; t is the filtration time in sec; d m is the mean median diameter of the dust particles in m; and s is the standard deviation of the logarithm for the particle diameters in a log-normal distribution (LND).Under those conditions, it is sound to plan an experiment to construct interpolation models by the Box-Wilson method with successive realization of short series of experiments on varying all the factors simultaneously. This enables one to approach the region of the optimum rapidly. In the experiments, the model dust was a polydisperse aerosol, which was used as two types of quartz dust with the following LND for the particle sizes: d m = 3.7´10 -6 m, s = 0.405, and d m = = 20´10 -6 m, s = 0.280; the factors d m and s are almost uncontrollable separately, so they are combined in a single control factor d m s. Table 1 gives the conditions, the planning matrix, and the results from the first series of experiments.In accordance with (2), we used the natural valuesx for the factors w, d e , Í, t, z i , d m s, which are denoted respectively byx 1 ,x 2 ,x 3 ,x 4 ,x 5 ,x 6 ; the encoded factors, variation levels, regression coefficients b i , and errors in determining them have been calculated by the method of [2]. Table 1 also gives the experimental values of the response function y = lnK -1 . The regression equation after checking the model for fit takes the form It follows from (3) that in these variation intervals for the factors, K increases with w and d e but ...

A method and example are considered for determining the optimal specific gas loading for a granular filter with connected structure. Calculations are performed on the dependence of the total costs on the specific gas load for the conditions of removing dust from flue gases.Protecting the environment and industrial locations from dust discharges requires efficient trapping of definitive dust products and high-grade cleaning from dust for outgoing technological gases and ventilation discharges [1][2][3][4][5].The commonest method of removing particles from a dusty gas is passage through a granular filter, which enables one to avoid exceeding permissible discharges to the air and to organize waste recycling in some processes [1]. Advantages of Granular Filters:The filter material is readily available and quite cheap; it provides a high degree of cleaning; it has strength and thermal stability in combination with good permeability and capacity to resist sharp changes in pressure; it is stable against corrosion and rusting; there are no electrocapillary phenomena; it can be regenerated by various methods; and individual filter elements are easily combined in a variety of ways.Basic Types of Granular Layer: • immobile freely poured or packed in a certain fashion granulated material; • periodically or continuously mixing of the material; and • material with a connected structure (sintered or pressed metal powders, glass, graphitized carbon, porous ceramics and plastics, and so on). However, granular filters for removing dust from gases are of restricted use because of the high cost of the filters. The surface area of the filter and consequently the cost can be reduced by increasing the specific gas loading q, but then the pressure difference across the filter ∆p and the energy consumption E increase. The optimum value of the specific gas load q opt is determined by the minimal sum of the total costs C 0 for performing the process: the cost C for the content and servicing of the filter, the amortization allowance A, and the energy cost E [8].We consider a method of determining q opt for a granular filter with connected structure (e.g., porous metal), whose total cost usually substantially exceeds the cost of packed filters [1].