Objective and design The existing biological models of diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) in mice have many shortcomings. To offset these shortcomings, we have proposed a simple, nonsurgical, and reproducible method of unilateral total damage of the left lung in ICR mice. This model is based on the intrabronchial administration of a mixture of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the cell wall of S. enterica and α-galactosylceramide (inducing substances) to the left lung. Methods Using computer tomography of the lungs with endobronchial administration of contrast material, we have been able to perform an operative intravital verification of the targeted delivery of the inducer. The model presented is characterized by more serious and homogeneous damage of the affected lung compared to the existing models of focal pneumonia; at the same time, our model is characterized by longer animal survival since the right lung remains intact. Results The model is also characterized by diffuse alveolar damage of the left lung, animal survival of 100%, abrupt increases in plasma levels of TNFa, INFg, and IL-6, and significant myocardial overload in the right heart. It can be used to assess the efficacy of innovative drugs for the treatment of DAD and ARDS as the clinical manifestations that are developed in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Morphological patterns of lungs in the noninfectious (“sterile”) model of DAD induced by LPS simultaneously with α-galactosylceramide (presented here) and in the infectious model of DAD induced by SARS-CoV-2 have been compared. Conclusion The DAD model we have proposed can be widely used for studying the efficacy of candidate molecules for the treatment of infectious respiratory diseases, such as viral pneumonias of different etiology, including SARS-CoV-2.
Adipsin is one of the first discovered adipokines hormones produced by adipose tissue. Adipsin performs the function of a regulator of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and participates in the adaptation of metabolism to the real needs of the body, being a powerful stimulant of anabolic processes. A characteristic feature of adipsin is that it is also a complement factor D, which is necessary for the normal functioning of an alternative pathway of activation of the complement system. Due to this, adipsin is represented in the body as a link between the energy block of the endocrine system and the humoral block of the immune system. Adipsin is known as a regulator of the function of pancreatic beta cells, a stimulator of lipogenesis, a modulator of inflammation processes. Recently, there have been works indicating the effect of adipsin on the microbiota, as well as its role in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. To date, there are a large number of publications describing the biochemical structure, functions of adipsin, mechanisms of regulation of its synthesis, as well as changes in the level of adipsin in various pathological conditions. Attempts are also described to pharmacologically influence adipsin in order to modulate its functions or use it as a biomarker for the diagnosis of diseases. However, there is currently no structured review that summarizes and systematizes all available information about this adipokine. This is exactly the task we set ourselves in this study. The paper contains the results of all available studies on adipsin. In some cases, they are contradictory in nature, which indicates the need for further research in detecting connections between the body's systems.
The relevance of pneumonia remains at the forefront and has recently attracted the attention of not only the entire medical community, but also all political and economic institutions of most countries of the planet. This nosology continues to be in the center of attention, identifying one of the key causes in the frequency of mortality of the population. The presented article accumulates the most up-to-date theses regarding viral pneumonia on the basis of a review of a large number of scientific literature, domestic and foreign studies. Although the term “viral pneumonia” has been used in medical practice for more than a century, nevertheless, there is no final diagnostic algorithm and an established final concept. The article reflects special historical medical and philosophical aspects in the study of pneumonia from the time of Hippocrates to the present. The epidemiological features, etiology, and also the terminological base of viral pneumonia are updated, thereby the concept of viral pneumonia in medical categories is fixed. A promising classification of viral pneumonia according to ICD-XI is presented. Attention is drawn to the autopsy morphological characteristics of the bronchopulmonary organ complex in viral pneumonia, post-mortem descriptions are given with links to authoritative research sources. The main modern diagnostic capabilities of the scientific medical community in the detection of pneumonia are described, the issues of the formation of new diagnostic algorithms are reflected. The clinical picture of viral pneumonia is described in detail, the clinical concept of the phase course of the disease based on pathomorphological data is presented for the first time. The main modern groups of drugs for etiotropic and pathogenetic treatment of the disease are considered. The conclusion reflects the main problematic postulates and prospects for further study of the disease.
Intriduction. In the last decade, conflicting data has appeared that the presence of obesity in patients with several diseases not only does not worsen, but even improves their prognosis, which is called the “obesity paradox”. The role of elevated body mass index in patients with coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) remains unclear.Aim. To study the features of the course of pneumonia in young and middle-aged men depending on the body mass index.Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis has investigated and it included 451 young and middle-aged men who underwent inpatient treatment for COVID-19 pneumonia. Patients were randomized according to body mass index into groups: normal nutrition (N), overnutrition (On), obesity (Ob). Clinical and laboratory parameters were assessed using statistical analysis.Results and discussion. In patients with obesity, the causative agent of pneumonia was detected in 91.9% of cases, in contrast to group N (65.75%). At the onset of pneumonia, group Ob differed significantly from group N in terms of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (17 versus 9 mm/h), C-reactive protein (18.3 versus 7.2 mg/l), D-dimer (304 versus 230 ng/ml), glycemia (6.2 versus 5.2 mmol/l), lymphocytes 9 (1.3 versus 1.5 × 109/l). In the dynamics in the group Ob, in comparison with the group N, there is a higher level of platelets (307 versus 1 × 109/l), neutrophils (6.3 versus 3.7 × 109/l), monocytes (0.8 versus 0.6 × 109/l) and a smaller number of lymphocytes (1.4 versus 2.0 × 109/l). It was revealed that the lymphocytic index and the index of the ratio of lymphocytes to monocytes in dynamics significantly increase in group N (from 0.5 to 0.7 and from 3.5 to 4.5, respectively), in group On only the lymphocyte index significantly increases (from 0.4 to 0.5), in the obesity group they do not change (from 0.4 to 0.5 and 3 from.0 to 2.7, respectively). The greatest need for respiratory support had group Ob (21.1%) in comparison with GNP (6.0%).Conclusions. The level of adipose tissue in the body has a direct impact on the course of pneumonia.
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