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Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are a standard in cancer therapy, but few patients respond to the treatment. The aim of the present study was the determination of immunological markers for monitoring response to ICI. The present study included 74 patients receiving ICI in subsequent [group 1; non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)] and first-line setting (group 2; melanoma) and 30 patients with NSCLC receiving first-line chemotherapy. In groups 1 and 2 β-2 microglobulin (B2-MG), neopterin (NPT), IL-6, IL-18, HLA-DRB1 and autoantibodies were assessed after two months of ICI, and before the start of next administration in group 3. In group 1 low level of B2-MG (P<0.0001), NPT (P<0.0001), IL-6 (P<0.0001), IL-18 (P=0.0003), HLA-DRB1*03 (P=0.016) and anti-TPO antibodies (P=0.016) were associated with response >six months.In group 2 high level of B2-MG (P=0.0001), NPT (P=0.0016), IL-6 (P=0.013) and IL-18 (P=0.032) were associated with early disease progression (

Introduction. Fine needle aspiration biopsy followed by cytological examination is the gold standard in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules. However, up to one third of cases represent an indeterminate result (Bethesda Thyroid Classification, 2017) III—V). Among such cases, category IV is the most common and most difficult to interpret (Bethesda, 2017). The study objective is to determination of the diagnostic and prognostic significance of the molecular genetic study of the fine needle aspiration biopsy material in patients with thyroid nodules with the cytological category Bethesda, IV.Materials and methods. The study included surgical thyroid samples obtained from patients whose cytological examination revealed pathology of cytological category IV according to the Bethesda classification (2017). group 1 included surgical samples from 143 patients with thyroid lesions, and group 2 - cytological material from 45 patients. Determination of the BRAF V600E mutation, mutations in the RAS genes (KRAS, HRAS, NRAS) was carried out using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction, and the RET / PTC1, RET / PTC3 and PAX8 / PPARG translocations were determined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Sanger sequencing was used to detect mutations in the promoter region of the TERT gene.Results. In group 1, an overall prevalence of the studied mutations in thyroid cancer was 35.1 %: 8.8 % of cases were mutation BRAF V600E, 24.6 % - mutations in the RAS genes, 1.8 % - mutation C228T in the TERT gene. The C228T mutation in the TERT gene was found in 1 case of widely invasive Hurtle cell carcinoma. The prevalence of mutations in benign formations was 4.7 %. mutations in RAS genes were also found in them in group 1, mutation BRAF V600E was associated with the presence of extrathyroid invasion (p = 0.024), vascular invasion (p = 0.018), and lymph node metastases (p = 0.018). In group 2, using the genetic panel sensitivity and specificity were equal: 36.4 and 93.9 %, respectively. positive and negative predictive values were 66.7 and 81.6 %, respectively. No RET / PTC and PAX8 / PPARG translocations were found in groups 1 and 2.Conclusion. The investigated molecular genetic panel, having a high specificity for carcinomas, will make it possible to supplement the cytological diagnostics of material in the category Bethesda, IV. BRAF V600E was associated with an aggressive morphological pattern.

Введение. Капматиниб во II фазе исследования Geometry mono-1 продемонстрировал высокую противоопухолевую активность у пациентов с распространенным НМРЛ с мутацией в 14 экзоне гена MET (METex14), а также контролируемый профиль безопасности. Цель. Оценка эффективности и безопасности капматиниба в российской подгруппе пациентов исследования Geometry mono-1. Материалы и методы. В исследовании Geometry mono-1 пациенты распределены в зависимости от статуса MET (амплификация либо мутация METex14) и линии терапии. В российской подгруппе были включены пациенты, которым проводилось лечение капматинибом в качестве терапии первой и второй линии с мутацией METex14. Капматиниб назначался в дозе 400 мг два раза в сутки. В качестве первичной конечной точки использовалась частота объективных ответов (ЧОО) со стороны опухоли и частота клинической пользы (ЧКП), а ключевыми вторичными точками были продолжительность ответа, выживаемость без прогрессирования заболевания (ВБП), общая выживаемость (ОВ) и профиль безопасности. Результаты. В анализ было включено 13 пациентов (4 мужчины и 9 женщин) в возрасте от 59 до 82 лет с метастатическим НМРЛ с мутацией METex14., что сопоставимо с демографическими характеристиками в общей популяции исследования Geometry mono-1. У пациентов, получавших капматиниб в 1 линии (n=6), ЧОО составила 50% (95% ДИ 11,8 – 88,2%) и ЧКП – 100% (95% ДИ 60,7 – 100,0%), а во 2 линии (n=7): ЧОО равна 14,3% (95% ДИ 0,4 – 57,9%), а ЧКП – 71,4% (95% ДИ 29,0 – 96,3%). Медиана длительности ответа независимо от линии терапии составила 5,7 месяцев (95% ДИ 2,2 – 21,2 месяца). Медиана ВБП при назначении капматиниба в 1 линии составила 21,3 месяца (95% ДИ 5,6 – 25,1 месяц), а во 2 линии– 3,5 месяца (95% ДИ 0,9 – 36,8 месяцев). Медиана ОВ в зависимости от линии терапии была следующей: в 1 – 21,3 месяца (95% ДИ 9,9 – 51,5 месяцев), а во 2– 24,6 месяцев (95% ДИ 0,9 – 36,8 месяцев). Наиболее частыми нежелательными явлениями (НЯ), обусловленными лечением, были периферические отеки (69,2%), гипокальциемия (53,8%), увеличение креатинина (46,2%); большинство из них- 1/2 степени токсичности. Заключение. В российской популяции также был отмечен высокий ответ на лечение капматинибом, терапия сопровождалась хорошей переносимостью. Не выявлено каких-либо неожиданных НЯ.

Introduction. Perioperative FLOT chemotherapy has improved prognosis in patients with locally advanced resectable gastric cancer (GC). However, in 80 % of cases, the tumor is resistant to the therapy, resulting in unnecessary toxicity and delayed surgical treatment.Aim. Evaluation of clinico-morphological patterns of microsatellite instability, HER2 gene amplification, changes in gene copy number and their relationship with the response to perioperative FLOT chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced resectable GC.Materials and methods. The retrospective study included 185 patients. All tumor samples were assessed for HER2 and microsatellite instability status. Among all cases there were 45 patients with locally advanced T2–4N1–2 M0 GC, who underwent a total or subtotal gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy and perioperative chemotherapy with FLOT. Microsatellite instability detection was performed using fragment analysis, HER2 gene amplification testing – fluorescent in situ hybridization. Also 19 patients were tested for copy number changes of the FGFR1, FGFR2, KRAS, MET, EGFR, CCND1, MYC genes using Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. The endpoints were progression-free survival and objective response rate.Results. Microsatellite instability was detected in 4.8 % (9/185) of GC cases. Microsatellite instability was associated with advanced age (p = 0.005), low grade of differentiation (p = 0.011), presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (p = 0.0004), and high preoperative CA 72–4 levels (p = 0.025). Prevalence of HER2 amplification was 7.5 % (14/185). It was associated with low grade of differentiation (p = 0.048) and metastasis in regional lymph nodes (p = 0.037). PFS in patients with HER2-positive (HER2 – human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) GC treated with perioperative FLOT chemotherapy (4/45) was significantly lower than in patients with HER2-negative GC: the median was 156 and 317 days, respectively (hazard ratio 0.49; 95 % confidence interval 0.16–1.47; p = 0.0006). There was no correlation between the presence of the alteration and ORR (p = 1.0). Progression-free survival in GC patients with KRAS amplification (3/19) was significantly lower comparing with patients without it: the median was 98 and 327 days, respectively (hazard ratio 0.29; 95 % confidence interval 0.07–1.19; p <0.0001). There was no association between an increase in KRAS copy number and objective response rate (p = 1.0). For microsatellite instability and other studied markers no statistically significant correlation with progression-free survival and objective response rate was found (p >0.05).Conclusion. The presence of HER2 and KRAS amplification have been shown as promising predictive markers of the treatment failure in patients treated with perioperative FLOT chemotherapy for locally advanced resectable GC.