<p>The article presents the theoretical substantiation and experimental data, confirming the natural evolution of potato species from the standpoint of the stability and effectiveness of genetic control of resistance to late blight. Resistant samples of wild potato species which were differ in the appearance of the trait were used as the initial material for research. Artificial infection of seedlings obtained from self-pollination of potato samples with the race of phytophthora (<em>Phytophtora infestans </em>(Mont.) De Bary) 1-11X, Y, Z (25-30 conidia in the view of the microscope, 120 x), which made it possible to identify various types of resistance to fungus. The evolutionary changes of the species, relating their response to the changing of phytopathological situation in their areas have been experimentally proven. The intraspecific variety of <em>S. demissum </em>Lindl and <em>S. stoloniferum </em>Schlechtd. samples by resistance to phytophthora, which manifested both among I1 and among I2, has been identified. Depending on the evolution of the samples, differences in the genetic control of resistance to the pathogen were found, which was manifested in the frequency of appearance of offspring with high resistance, hypersensitivity, high, medium and low field resistance, as well as complete damage of seedlings. In the species of <em>S. demissum</em> the sample was found, in its progeny the seedlings with extremely high resistance to the pathogen were not isolated, but in the case of the UK sample No 27-19 the part of such material was 94.2%. The lower level of genetic control in this species was characterized by the type of supersensitive resistance. Variation in the offspring samples by this type of resistance was observed in the range of 0-78.4%, and the splitting of seedlings with high field stability was even smaller and was within 0-45%. Similar data were obtained for the species of <em>S. stoloniferum</em>. A similar type of conjugate evolution of phytophthora resistance in the testing species has been experimentally proved. There were no differences in the manifestation of hypersensitive resistance or they were very insignificant. The maximum differences between species were 4% in the class with the offspring frequency of 81-100%. Based on the results of the phytophthora resistance evaluation of various samples of potato species in I2, it was assumed that under epiphytotic conditions in the area of species growth, samples with effective genetic control of the trait, i.e., with an extremely high degree of resistance, will be evolutionally promising. </p>

The results of the study are devoted to the important problem of potatoesthe attachment of large numbers of tubers to plants. Therefore, the purpose of the experiment was to determine the effect of the crossing components on the expression of the index among the off spring of original material created with the participation of Mexican wild potato species. The studies were performed according to the methods adopted for breeding and genetic experiments with potatoes. The highest number of tubers (up to 12 pieces/nest) was characterized by the six-species hybrid 81.459s18, three-time backcross of the six-species hybrid 08.195/73, as well as the variety of intra-species origin of Podolia. The mean of the parents on manifestation of the trait depended on its expression in the crossing components and the maximum was 13.6 tubers/nest in the crossing components of the hybrid 08.195/73 and the Partner variety. The offspring of the combinations differed significantly in the limits of manifestation of the trait. It is established that its minimum value is due to the use of the maternal form of the Verdi variety. The opposite was true of the descendants of the crosses of Bagryanа x 89.202s79. Depending on the other component of the crossing, a specific reaction of the Podolia variety to the maximum number of tubers in the nest was detected. Selected populations with an average manifestation of a trait among offspring of more than 10 tubers/nest, which exceeded the expression of the standard varieties by 2 or more times. Successful in this respect were combinations of 10.6G38 x Podolia, Basis x Podolia, Bagryanа x 89.202s79 and Teteriv x Streams. The opposite was true for populations of Verdi x Basis and Stream x Podolia. A high or very close correlation was established between the mean population value of the indicator and, in part, offspring with a higher expression of the trait than in the better parental form; the average offspring and the proportion of hybrids with the number of tubers in the nest 10 pcs. and larger, and with more of them than in the best parent form.

к.с.-г.н., доцент, Сумський національний аграрний університет Гордієнко В.В. -к.с.-г.н., старший науковий співробітник, Інститут картоплярства Подгаєцький А.А. -д.с.-г.н., професор, Сумський національний аграрний університет Крючко Л.В. -к.с.-г.н., доцент, Сумський національний аграрний університет Дегтярьова М.С. -аспірантка, Сумський національний аграрний університет У статті наведено результати дослідження впливу умов місць та років випробування складних міжвидових гібридів, їх беккросів картоплі за здатністю зав'язувати великі бульби. Виявлений значний потенціал вихідного селекційного матеріалу за проявом ознаки, що дозволило виділити до 20,6% беккросів із вищим її вираженням, ніж у кращого сорту-стандарту. За максимальним проявом ознаки визначено, що оптимальні умови для її реалізації мали місце у 2017 році під час випробування в Сумському національному аграрному університеті і у 2016 році під час випробування в Інституті картоплярства. Це дозволило виділити гібриди із середньою масою однієї бульби більше 100 г в умовах Сумського національного аграрного університету у 2017 році і дуже рідко у 2016 році. За рідким винятком величина коефіцієнта варіації показника залежно від метеорологічних умов перевищувала 10% і була максимальною у дворазового беккросу чотиривидового гібрида 00.72/5 -83%. Мінімальним значенням його характеризувався одноразовий беккрос тривидового гібрида 88.110с26 -3%. Доведена можливість виділення беккросів, у яких різниця у прояві ознаки залежно від місця випробування або метеорологічних умов не перевищувала 10 г. Виявлена особливість вираження показника поміж сестринських форм за потенціалом вираження показника, його абсолютним значенням, різницею між варіантами. Ключові слова: картопля, міжвидові гібриди, їх беккроси, середня маса бульб, місце, роки випробування, варіювання прояву ознаки. Кравченко Н.В., Гордиенко В.В., Подгаецкий А.А., Крючко Л.В., Дегтярева М.С. Влияние условий выращивания на величину средней массы одного клубня у межвидовых гибридов картофеля, их беккроссов В статье представлены результаты исследования влияния условий мест и лет испытания сложных межвидовых гибридов, их беккроссов картофеля по способности завязывать крупные клубни. Обнаружен значительный потенциал исходного селекционного материала по проявлению признака, что позволило выделить до 20,6% беккроссов с более высоким уровнем показателя, чем у лучшего сорта-стандарта. По максимальному проявлению признака определено, что оптимальные условия для его реализации наблюдались в 2017 году во время испытаний в Сумском национальном аграрном университете и в 2016 году во время испытаний в Институте картофелеводства. Это позволило выделить гибриды со средней массой одного клубня более 100 г в условиях Сумского национального аграрного университета в 2017 году и очень редко в 2016 году. За небольшим исключением, величина коэффициента вариации показателя в зависимости от метеорологических условий превышала 10% и была максимальной у двукратного беккросса четырехвидового гибрида 00.72/5 -83%. Минимальным значением...

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The article is devoted to determining the response of hybrid seeds in the process of germination to γ-irradiation. The main difference between its results was the study of the interaction of two methods: ionized irradiation and interspecific hybridization on the viability and germination of botanical seeds. The source material used was seed from backcrossing complex interspecific hybrids. Maternal forms varied significantly in origin, and pollinators used varieties: Letana, Podolia, Tiras and Mezhirichka. The studies were performed according to the techniques adopted for use in potato studies. Seed germination was carried out under laboratory controlled conditions. Determined its viability (by number sprouted in the first four days) and laboratory similarity (on the ninth day after wetting). The seeds were treated with gamma rays, the source of which was 60Сo at the installation of "Theratron Elit-80". Dosing options for seed treatment: 100, 150 and 200 Gy. The control used untreated seeds. One of the objectives of the experiment was to determine the overall effect on seed germination by γ-irradiation, regardless of the specificity of the heredity of the material under study. It was found that the germination energy with the greatest stimulating effect was the use of a dose of 200 Gy, which allowed to get 11.2 % more seed covered. Close control data were obtained with a 150 Gy dose. On the contrary, the viability of hybrid seeds decreased significantly by using a dose of 100 Gy – by 26.5 %. To a large extent, it concerned the proportion of all sprouted seeds. The specificity of the reaction of offspring of combinations on γ-irradiation is proved. In terms of seed viability, it was the best in the combination of 10.6G38 x Tiras – 74.9 %. To a small extent, it was inferior in this respect to populations of 10.6G38 x Letana and 08.195/73 x Podolia. The opposite was true for the intersections of 08.195/73 x Podolia and 08.195/73 x Letana, considered because of the unsuccessful combination of hereditary back crosses 08.195 / 73 and Podolia and Letana varieties. A specific relationship between heredity is revealed. hybrid seeds and the influence of radiation on its viability, field germination. With respect to the first indicator, a population of 08.195 / 73 x Letan was distinguished, in each of which there was an excess of control with a maximum difference of 74 % for irradiation doses of 150 Gy. With the exception of the 100 Gy variant, this statement referred to the offspring of 10.6G38 x Letane. Specificity of reciprocal influence of heredity of the offspring of the population 08.195/73 x Podolia in the absence of a stimulating effect on the viability of seeds of radiation exposure. Positive influence on the laboratory germination of seeds using radiation irradiation with a dose of 150 and 200 Gy in combination with 10.6G38 x Letana. Only in populations 08.195/73 x Mezhirichka and 08.195 / 73 x Letana stimulating effect on seed viability had a small dose of 200 Gy. The same control results were obtained from the use of said dose in a population of 08.195/73 x Podolia. Only among the offspring with the origin of 10.6G38 x Tiras in all variants, compared with the control, there was a decrease in the viability of hybrid seeds. Therefore, a specific reaction of dry irradiated seeds during germination was detected, which depended on both the heredity of the material under study and the doses of irradiation.