The paper presents a brief review of the primary and recurrent disability of persons under the age of 18 in the Voronezh Region in comparison with data on the Central Federal District and the Russian Federation. The article draws attention to the urgency of the comprehensive approach to diagnostics and development of measures of multilevel prevention and medical and social rehabilitation of patients and disabled persons with this pathology. It highlights the great importance of rehabilitation and habilitation for the formation or recovery of their social and professional status.