Milk is well known to be a balanced diet with high nutritional values. Conversely, milk and milk products may serve as potential substrates for the growth and proliferation of a range of bacteria which in turn fatally influences public health concerns. The study was conducted in 50 milk samples collected from apparently healthy cows during the period for isolation, identification of bacterial isolate based on their morphology, staining, cultural, biochemical properties and gram staining to ascertain their identity. The results indicated that Staphylococcus aureus (34.58 %) has the highest occurrence, followed by Bacillus cereus (19.64 %), followed by Escherichia coli (15.89 %), Salmonella typhi with (13.08 %), Pseudomonas aerugnosa with (7.94 %), Klebsiella pneumonia with (5.14 %).In comparison, Enterobacter has the most minor occurrence at (3.74 %). The presence of these organisms could be attributed to dirty and unkempt behaviour of the milking process, handling and storing, which in turn will impose serious health hazards to the immediate community and consumers. To reduce the risk associated with these organisms, all personal hygiene measures and materials involved in the milking process should be sterilised and free from any form of organisms before the final approach.

Isolation and identification of bacterial species associated with decayed, commonly eaten food are paramount to reducing the risk of infection among the populace of the institution. Fifty samples were aseptically collected from the food vendors and subjected to culturing and sub-culturing on nutrient agar. The colonies were then observed for morphological characteristics, followed by biochemical tests and gram staining to ascertain their tentative identity. The results indicated that Staphylococcus aureus (37.2%) has the highest occurrence, followed by Bacillus spp (18.6%), while Clostridium botulinum has a minor event (2.3%). The presence of these organisms could be attributed to the dirty and unkempt behaviour of the food handlers, which in turn will impose serious health hazards to the immediate community and consumers at large. To reduce the risk associated with these organisms, all personal hygiene measures and the materials involved in the cooking procedures should be sterilised and free from any form of organisms before the cooking process.

Smokers and users of smokeless tobacco are at risk for fatal illnesses. These could be brought on by the quantity of radioactive, carcinogenic, and harmful to living things, radioactive isotopes from the decay chain of uranium and thorium present. An extensive assessment of the health effects on users was deemed necessary due to the rising intake of both smoke and smokeless tobacco. Particularly, the use of smokeless tobacco has grown significantly as a result of its widespread availability and the false perception that it is less harmful than smoking. The epidemic of tobacco smoking in its many forms has been a serious worldwide health problem with far-reaching effects, and its myriad harmful effects on health have long been documented. In this study, radiological consequences of smoke and smokeless tobacco were researched in the literature for publications up to 2022. Research Gate, Pub Med, and Google Scholar are a few of the literature databases that were searched. The World Health Organization estimates that tobacco-related diseases caused over 8 million deaths in 2017 alone, and if current trends continue, it predicts that this number would rise to about 1 billion in the 21st century. Numerous studies have demonstrated a strong link between tobacco use and debilitating diseases like cancer, insulin resistance, hypertension, acute respiratory sickness, osteoporosis, etc. Increasing amounts of evidence, albeit still sparse, point to its potential role in negatively influencing reproductive capacity and outcomes in women of reproductive age. This article offers a current assessment of the literature on the harmful effects of smoking and using smokeless tobacco on both male and female reproductive health as well as the detrimental impacts on the unborn child. Data now available points to a connection between chronic tobacco use and ovarian shape and function deterioration, oocyte quality, hormonal disruptions, fetal development, and long-term health impacts on the fetus, the risks of smoke and smokeless tobacco products may be better understood as a result of a greater understanding of these issues. Most of the collected data showed that smoke and smokeless tobacco both had increased radioactivity.