A new, green, and simple cloud point extraction process of aluminum (III) from aqueous solution was investigated. The method is based on the complexation reaction of aluminum (III) with alizarin red S (ARS) at pH 5.0 and micellemediated extraction of the complex with nonionic surfactant Triton X-114. The enriched analyte in the surfactant-rich phase was determined spectrophotometrically at 515 nm. The optimal conditions including pH, reagent volume, surfactant concentration, temperature and centrifugation time were optimized. The proposed CPE method showed linear calibration within the range 5.0-300 ng mL -1 of aluminum (III) and the limit of detection was 1.0 ng mL -1 with a preconcentration factor of ∼100. The relative standard deviation (RSD%) and relative error (RE%) were found to be 1.70% and 1.78%, respectively. The accuracy of method was evaluated by the analysis of certified reference materials. The interference effect of some cations and anions was also studied. In the presence of foreign ions, no significant interference was observed. The method was applied to the determination of aluminum (III) in real food samples with a recovery for the spiked samples in the range of 95.0-102%.

Background: Diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia are well-known risk factors for several illnesses including atherosclerosis, heart and vascular diseases and stroke. Herbal medicine is still the mainstay of about 75-80% of the world population, mainly in the developing countries, for primary health care because of better cultural acceptability, better compatibility with the human body and lesser side effects. Herbal extracts are introduced to the mankind since many centuries, several herbal extracts in different oral formulas have been recommended for diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia treatment all over the world. Objective: The present study was carried out to investigate the hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidative effects of the extract of Bitter melon (Citrullus colocynthis) in young adult Sprague Dawley female rats for eight weeks. Materials and Methods: Forty female young adult Sprague Dawley female rats were divided into two sections. Section I (Normal animals) was S.C. injection with a vehicle (0.9% NaCl) and divided into two groups (10 rats / group), one of these served as control group and the second group was received extract of Bitter melon (Citrullus colocynthis) seed 50 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks and served as normal treated group. Group II was S.C. injection with Alloxan (diabetic rats) and divided into two group (10 rats each), one of these served as diabetic control group while the second group was received extract of Citrullus colocynthis (C-colocynthis) seed (50mg/kg/day) orally for 8 weeks and served as diabetic treated group. After 8-weeks experiment was terminated and animals were sacrificed, heart blood was drawn and sera were separated for assessment of blood glucose, lipid profile, and lipid peroxidation value (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as well as total and direct bilirubin. Results: Both normal and diabetic rats showed a significant decrease in blood glucose, lipid peroxidation value (MDA), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) as well as total and direct bilirubin. While, levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total lipid were significantly increased in both normoglycemic and hyperglycaemic rats except ALT, AST and ALP in hyperglycaemic rats had no changes. Conclusions: The present study shed more of the light on the effect of Bitter melon (Citrullus colocynthis) extract and proves that this extract has

Objective: Green, easy, and sensitive vortex-assisted ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction technique (VA-IL-DLLME) was developed to preconcentrate and determine trace quantities of cadmium (Cd2+) ions from real food samples, before detection by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Methods: The proposed technique base on the utilization of IL (1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate) as an extraction solvent for Cd2+ ions after the complexation with 2-(2’-benzothiazolylazo) chromotropic acid at pH 8.0. The impact of different analytical parameters on microextraction efficiency was investigated. The validation of the proposed procedure was verified by the test of certified reference material (SRM spinach leaves 1570A) applying the standard addition method. Results: In the range of 1.0–300 μg/L, the calibration graph was linear. Limit of detection, preconcentration factor and the relative standard deviation (RSD%, 25, 150, and 250 μg/L, n=5) were 0.2 μg/L, 100, and 2.0–3.2%, respectively. Conclusion: Green, VA-IL-DLLME method was developed and applied to preconcentrate and determine of trace quantities of Cd2+ in real food samples with satisfactory results. The obtained recovery values showed good agreement with the certified values.

Ausgehend vom Pyridyl‐oxa(bzw. thia)‐diazol (I) werden die Derivate (II)‐(VI) hergestellt, die auf antibakterielle Wirkung geprüft werden.