A constructive realization of Skyrme's conjecture that an effective pion mass "may arise as a self consistent quantal effect" based on an ab initio quantum treatment of the Skyrme model is presented. In this quantum mechanical Skyrme model the spectrum of states with I = J, which appears in the collective quantization, terminates without any infinite tower of unphysical states. The termination point depends on the model parameters and the dimension of the SU (2) representation. Representations, in which the nucleon and ∆ 33 resonance are the only stable states, exist. The model is developed for both irreducible and reducible representations of general dimension. States with spin larger than 1/2 are shown to be deformed. The representation dependence of the baryon observables is illustrated numerically.

The problem of square root of multivector (MV) in real 3D (n = 3) Clifford algebras Cl 3,0, Cl 2,1, Cl 1,2 and Cl 0,3 is considered. It is shown that the square root of general 3D MV can be extracted in radicals. Also, the article presents basis-free roots of MV grades such as scalars, vectors, bivectors, pseudoscalars and their combinations, which may be useful in applied Clifford algebras. It is shown that in mentioned Clifford algebras, there appear isolated square roots and continuum of roots on hypersurfaces (infinitely many roots). Possible numerical methods to extract square root from the MV are discussed too. As an illustration, the Riccati equation formulated in terms of Clifford algebra is solved.The Clifford algebra Cl p,q is an associative noncommutative algebra, where (p, q) indicates vector space metric. In 3D case, the MV consists of the following elements (basis blades) {1, e 1 , e 2 , e 3 , e 12 , e 13 , e 23 , e 123 ≡ I}, where e i are the orthogonal basis vectors, and e ij are the bivectors (oriented planes). The last term is called the pseudoscalar. The shorthand notation, for example, e ij means e ij = e i • e j , where the circle indicates the geometric or Clifford product. Usually, the multiplication symbol is omitted, and one writes e ij = e i e j . The number of subscripts indicates the grade of basis element, so that the scalar is a grade-0 element, the vectors are the grade-1 elements etc. In the orthonormalized basis, the products of vectors satisfies e i e j + e j e i = ±2δ ij .

Closed form expressions to calculate the exponential of a general multivector (MV) in Clifford geometric algebras (GAs) Clp;q are presented for n = p + q = 3. The obtained exponential formulas were applied to find exact GA trigonometric and hyperbolic functions of MV argument. We have verified that the presented exact formulas are in accord with series expansion of MV hyperbolic and trigonometric functions. The exponentials may be applied to solve GA differential equations, in signal and image processing, automatic control and robotics.

We discuss the relation between the solutions of the Skyrme model of lower degrees and the corresponding axially symmetric Hopfions which is given by the projection onto the coset space SU(2)/U(1). The interaction energy of the Hopfions is evaluated directly from the product ansatz. Our results show that if the separation between the constituents is not very small, the product ansatz can be considered as a relatively good approximation to the general pattern of the charge one Hopfions interaction both in repulsive and attractive channel.Comment: 16 pages, 5 figure

The ground state configurations of the solution to Skyrme's topological soliton model for systems with baryon number larger than 1 are well approximated with rational map ans\"atze, without individual baryon coordinates. Here canonical quantization of the baryon number 2 system, which represents the deuteron, is carried out in the rational map approximation. The solution, which is described by the 6 parameters of the chiral group SU(2)$\times$SU(2), is stabilized by the quantum corrections. The matter density of the variational quantized solution has the required exponential large distance falloff and the quantum numbers of the deuteron. Similarly to the axially symmetric semiclassical solution, the radius and the quadrupole moment are, however, only about half as large as the corresponding empirical values. The quantized deuteron solution is constructed for representations of arbitrary dimension of the chiral group.Comment: 17 pages, 3 figure