This is a cross sectional study done in I.C.U & Dept. of otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, B.S.M.M.U, Dhaka and Dhaka Medical College Hospital during the period of 1st March, 2003 to 30th August, 2003. 60 cases of tracheostomies, were included in this study, among them 30 cases of elective tracheostomies and 30 cases of emergency tracheostomies. In this study mean age of elective tracheostomy was 40.46 years & mean age of emergency tracheostomy was 50.50 years. Here Male was predominant both in elective (M:F= 6.5:1) and emergency tracheostomy (9:1). The common indications of elective tracheostomy were ICSOL (26.67%) & Head injury (26.67%) where as commonest indication of emergency tracheostomy was laryngeal carcinoma (53.33%). The frequency of complication for elective tracheostomy was 9.99% and emergency tracheostomy 33.35%. Here complications were 3.33 times more common in cases of emergency tracheostomy then elective tracheostomy. Key-words: Tracheostomy, elective and emergency.  DOI: 10.3329/bjo.v14i2.3282 Bangladesh J of Otorhinolaryngology 2008; 14(2) : 57-62

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Background: Among the endocrine malignancies thyroid cancer is the most common. It constitutes a heterogeneous group of malignancies ranking it as the fifth most common cancer worldwide. On health as well as health system it has severe implication. Thyroid cancer incidence is rising most rapidly worldwide. Different thyroid malignancy requires different management strategy. Proper addressing and prompt management of different thyroid malignancies can lessen the suffering. Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the pattern of primary thyroid malignancy in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: The study was a hospital based descriptive cross sectional study and was conducted in Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka for one-year period following approval of this protocol. Patients suffering from primary thyroid carcinoma admitted in or attending the outpatient department (OPD) in the department of Otolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery was approached for inclusion in the study. Written informed consent was taken from the subject and ethical issues were ensured. A total of 50 individual suffering from primary thyroid carcinoma calculated by sample size formula was selected by inclusion and exclusion criteria and data was collected by interview using a semi-structured questionnaire and by personal document analysis. Collected data was analyzed by the SPSS 20 for windows. This study reflects the pattern of primary thyroid malignancy in a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. Results: Mean age of the participants was 32.7 years with SD ± 13.8 years, Minimum age was 17 years and maximum age was 70 years. Majority of the patients (46%) were in the age group of 31- 40 years. Among the participants, 70% were female and 30% were male. The majority of the patients belong to Dhaka and Rangpur divisions (26% & 22% respectively) of which maximum patients were from rural area (70%). By occupation, maximum (22%) of the study subjects were businessman, maximum study subjects were below SSC (24%) and maximum patients (42%) had relatively low income per month. Half of the participants had habit of tobacco. All patients (100%) had presented with palpable thyroid swelling. Among the total participants 54% had lymphadenopathy, 10% had dysphagia, 4% had hoarseness of voice and 4% had lumpiness in throat. Only 2% of patients had the symptom of dyspnoea. No palpable lymph nodes were found in 46% followed by Single node lymphadenopathy 26%, multiple nodules in one side in 18%, bilateral lymphadenopathy 8% and 20% participants had Central compartment lymphadenopathy. USG findings of thyroid revealed Single solid nodule in 22.0%, Single cystic nodule in 16.0%, multiple mixed (solid + cystic) nodules in 62.0% cases. FNAC findings revealed Anaplastic carcinoma in 2.0%, Follicular neoplasm in 16.0% and Follicular variant of papillary carcinoma in 8.0%. Papillary carcinoma found in maximum 70.0% cases. No lymphoma found whereas medullary carcinoma found in 4.0% cases. Histopathological findings confirmed Anaplastic carcinoma in 4.0%, Follicular carcinoma in 16.0%, Follicular variant of papillary carcinoma in 8.0% and Papillary carcinoma 68.0% cases. By histopathological examination no lymphoma found whereas medullary carcinoma found in 4.0% cases. Only 24% participants had hypertension and 76% had DM as co-morbid diseases. Distant metastasis of carcinoma was not present in any of the participants. Conclusion: In this study, middle age group and female sex prevalent thyroid cancer. Geographical distribution also has an important role. Business, low educational level, low socioeconomic status and tobacco smoking are found the most important risk factors. Histopathologically papillary carcinoma was predominant followed by follicular carcinoma, follicular variant of papillary carcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma and medullary carcinoma. No lymphoma found. J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 27, No.2, October, 2018, Page 161-174

This cross sectional study was done in the Otolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery Department of Banghabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka Medical College Hospital and Sir Salimullah Medical College Hospital during the period of September 2003 to February 2004. In this study 30 patients of sinonasal malignancy were studied and to observe the clinicopathological pattern of sinonasal malignancy. The diagnosis was made by detailed history, clinical, radiological and histopathological examinations. In this study majority of the patients were within 40 to 70 years of age (77%). Male to female ratio was 2.33:1. Majority of the malignancy came from maxillary sinuses 15(50.00%); ethmoidal sinuses were involved in 8(26.66%) cases, multiple sinuses were involved in 5(16.66%). Neck node metastases was found in 4(14%) cases. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common histological type (70.00%); the other less common histological types were adenoid cystic carcinoma (06.66%), adenocarcinoma (06.66%), Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (06.66%), least frequent types were malignant fibrous histocytoma, transitional cell carcinoma, olfactory neuroblastoma. Key words: Sinonasal malignancy; clinicopathological study. DOI: 10.3329/bjo.v15i2.5058 Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol 2009; 15(2): 55-59

Objectives: To evaluate morbidity of different modalities of treatment in advanced carcinoma larynx (stage III and IV). Methods: It was a cross sectional study conducted among selected 70 patients of advanced carcinoma larynx treated by different modalities of treatment from April 2009 to April 2010 in different tertiary hospitals in Dhaka. Results:The age of the patients ranged from 30 to 79 years (mean ± SD = 54±10.94), maximum age incidence 5th decade. Almost all were male, habituated in betel nut and leaves chewing and smoking. Mostly (60%) from poor socioeconomic group. 70% cases were supraglottic and 30% cases were glottic carcinoma. Nature of lesion was exophytic 71.43% and ulcerative 28.57%. 22.86% had neck node metastasis. Histopathologically 60% were moderately differentiated and grade II squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). In the total laryngectomy patient pharyngocuteneous fistula (30%), wound infection (10%), haematoma (10%), stomal recurrence (10%), stenosis is tracheostomy (10%), recurrent chest infection (10%) and pharyngeal stenosis (10%) were the morbidities. Mucositis or painful erythematous reaction in larynx and pharynx (95%), periconditis (2.5%), dryness of mouth and throat (100%), loss of test (100%), subcutaneous fibrosis (32.5%), nausea vomiting, skin rashes and alopecia (100%) were the morbidities of chemoradiotherapy and radiotherapy. After analysis the major and minor morbidities of different, modalities of treatment there was no significant (p > 0.05) difference among those modalities. Conclusion: The difference between the morbidity of single modality and combined modalities had not significant. So the combined modalities approach may be advocated for the treatment of advanced carcinoma larynx where required. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjo.v20i2.22021 Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol; October 2014; 20(2): 66-74