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The altitudinal distribution, morphology, phenology and allozyme polymorphism at 12 loci were studied in diploid and tetraploid populations of Lotus growing at over 1800 m in the French Alps to clarify relationships between these cytotypes. In general, diploids occurred at higher elevation than tetraploids, although some sites at intermediate elevation contained both cytotypes, diploids predominating in the upper part and tetraploids in the lower part of the contact area. Evidence for an autopolyploid origin of the tetraploids was provided by tetrasomic inheritance at two enzyme loci, although no tetravalents were observed at meiosis. Diploid and tetraploid plants shared morphological traits distinct from those of other Lotus species and showed differences in size, which may be attributable to chromosome doubling. The diploid cytotype, L. alpinus, may thus be the ancestor of the Alpine tetraploids. Both cytotypes showed nearly identical suites of alleles at all loci and very similar genetic parameters, except for heterozygosity, which was higher in the tetraploid plants. However, the occurrence of few alleles specific to each ploidy level indicated limited gene flow between cytotypes, probably as a result of spatial segregation and variation in flowering time. Of the individuals in a tetraploid population, 25% showed morphological traits similar to those observed in L. corniculatus, suggesting genetic introgression between the two tetraploid species.

Two tetraploid subspecies of Dactylis glomerata L., subsp. reichenbachii (Hausm.) Stebbins et Zohary and subsp. glomerata, occur in the French Alps. The former is confined to dolomitic, south-facing, alpine lawns above 2000 m, whereas the latter occurs in non-dolomitic habitats in subalpine meadows mainly below 1900 m. Previous studies of allozyme variation have shown that genetic introgression between the two subspecies occurs over large areas. By contrast, morphologically intermediate individuals only occur in an extremely narrow area, suggesting that the morphological and physiological differences between the two subspecies is of adaptive significance. A reciprocal clone transplant experiment was set up to examine (1) any genetic differences between subspecies indicative of ecotypic differentiation in relation to habitat characteristics and (2) the level of phenotypic plasticity in the two subspecies. Genetic differentiation was confirmed by a statistically significant taxonisite interaction effect in  for all traits studied. The glomerata populations produced more tillers, longer leaves and higher culms in all sites, especially in their home environment. However, reichenbachii populations produced more seeds than the glomerata populations in the original reichenbachii environment, suggesting ecotypic differentiation between the two subspecies. This result might also explain why the glomerata subspecies is unable to colonize dolomitic habitats occupied by the reichenbachii subspecies. The reichenbachii populations showed less plasticity than the glomerata populations for leaf length and floriferous tiller number, a result which is discussed in the context of the response of plants from productive and non-productive habitats to environmental variation.

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In this paper we assess the relationship between the frequency of clonal traits and environmental factors in plant communities facing abiotic constraints imposed by an alpine environment. The study was conducted in the Vanoise Massif, inner part of the French Alps, at 1,620 to 2,800 m a.s.l. We sampled 169 communities that encounter a broad set of environmental constraints, and that were distributed over the entire Massif. For all species, we documented clonal traits using data available in the literature (e.g., the CLOPLA database), completed by other sources and our own measurements. Four traits that have previously been shown to be correlated with abiotic stress and disturbances were considered: duration of clonal integration, clonal production, spreading rate, and bud-bank size. Clonal characteristics of plant communities (aggregated traits) along the two main environmental gradients (altitude and duration of snow cover) were assessed. The distribution of clonal traits was significantly but weakly correlated with environmental factors. The duration of clonal integration and bud-bank size increased with altitude, and clonal production decreased. The duration of clonal integration and the size of the bud bank were also higher in snow beds. Scree communities were characterized by a high spreading rate and a large bud bank. The duration of integration was unexpectedly shorter in disturbance-prone habitats, and spatial mobility was unexpectedly higher in one of the most stressed habitats.