Armorflex is an articulating concrete block erosion protection measure that has been used as an alternative to riprap for many years. Even though extensive research and hydraulic testing have been conducted on Armorflex, the principal constraint on the use of concrete blocks has been the lack of information on prototype performance. Furthermore, there are no standards for Armorflex or articulating concrete block revetments in the South African National Standards, and design guidelines from Armorflex manufacturers are insufficient. The aim of this study was to improve the understanding of the critical flow conditions under which Armorflex blocks are lifted and removed by flowing water in open channel flow applications. Scaled laboratory tests were conducted on Armorflex 140 and Armorflex 180 blocks. Liu's theory of 1957 is applied in an attempt to define the point where block movement is initiated.

The erosive power of a free-falling high-velocity water jet, flowing from a dam spillway, could create a scour hole downstream of the dam, endangering the foundation of the dam. Despite extensive research since the 1950s, there is presently no universally agreed method to predict accurately the equilibrium scour depth caused by plunging jets at dams. These formulae yield a large range of equilibrium scour dimensions. The hydrodynamics of plunging jets and the subsequent scour of a rectangular, horizontal and vertical fissured rock bed were investigated in this study by means of a physical model. Equilibrium scour hole geometries for different fissured dimensions (simulated with rectangular concrete blocks tightly prepacked in a regular rectangular matrix), for a range of flow rates, plunge pool depths, and dam height scenarios were experimentally established with 31 model tests. From the results, non-dimensional formulae for the scour hole geometry were developed using multi-linear regression analysis. The scour depth results from this study were compared to various analytical methods found in literature. The equilibrium scour hole depth established in this study best agrees with that predicted by the Critical Pressure method.