Lysimeters constructed of polyacrylic and fitted with either a porous nylon membrane or a porous ceramic cup were tested for their adsorption characteristics with respect to Pb, Cr, Cu, As, Cd, Co, Mn, Ni, and Zn. Laboratory tests were conducted at pH 4, 5, and 6 using metal concentrations that are representative of natural soil solutions. The ceramic lysimeters significantly lowered the concentrations of Cd, Co, Mn, Ni, and Zn, and almost completely removed Pb, Cr, Cu, and As from solution. The nylon lysimeters had virtually no effect on metal concentrations at pH 4 to 5, and only slightly decreased the concentrations of As, Cr, Cu, and Pb at pH 6. Based on field experience, an optimized design of the nylon lysimeter is presented using double nylon membranes to improve the mechanical resistance.

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Analysis 3-10 3.3 VTT Model Predicted Potentiometric Surface for the Large Region (7500 ft nodes) Paradox Simulation. Small Region Potentials are Illustrated in Figure 3.2. 3-11 3.4 Three-Dimensional Finite Element Representation of Groundwater Reservoir Beneath Long Island, New York 3-13 3.5 Aquatic Pathways of Exposure from Geologic Storage Site for SHLW. 3-20 4.1 Factors That Determined the Concentration of Radionuclides in Solutions Leached Through the Waste 4-3 4.2 Large Volume Sorption Curves for Americium on Basalt 4-4 4.3 Axial Filter 4-10 4.4 Distribution of Sr(II) Between Montmorillonite and Sodium Chloride-0.1 M Sodium Acetate Solutions (Low Loading Sr(II)-4-14 4.5 Elution of Strontium from a Column of Glauconite. Peak Width Increases with Flow Rate (Top of Bottom), Indicating Nonequilibium Behavior 4-16 4.6 Elution Curve for 85S r Forced Through an Oolitic Limestone Column with REW Solution. Solution Flow Rate was 0.1 ml/min. 4-18 4.7 Elution Curve for 85S r Forced Through an Oolitic Limestone Column with Recipe Solution. Solution Flow Rate was 0.043 ml/min 4-18 4.8 High Pressure Sorption Apparatus 4-19 xvii 4.9 Experimental and Predicted Distributions of Americium on the Fissure Surfaces after Elution with 20 Fissure Volumes of Solution at a Flow Rate of 1.13 cm h-1. .. • 4-21 4.10 Experimental and Predicted Distributions of Americium on the Fissure Surfaces after Elution with 20 Fissure Volumes of Solution at a Flow Rate of 4.77 cm h-1 4-21 4.11 Adsorption on Am-241 on Na-Montmorillonite 4.12 Loading Effect on Distribution Coefficient of Cobalt 4.13 Distribution Coefficients for Cd(II)/Na(I) Exchange Versus 4-28 4-28 Loading on Montmorillonite 4-29 4.14 Adsorption of Cs(I) on the Sodium Form of Montmorillonites From Several Sources. 4-31 4.15 Adsorption of Sr(II) on the Sodium Form of Wyoming Montmorillonite. 4-31 4.16 Adsorption of Ba(II) on the Sodium Form of Wyoming Montmorillonite. 4-32 4.17 Adsorption of Eu(III) on the Form of Wyoming Montmorillonite. 4-32 4.18 Effects of Loading on Distribution Coefficients of Cs(I) on the Sodium Form of Wyoming Montmorillonite 4-35 4.19 Effect of Loading on Distribution Coefficients of Sr(II) on the Sodium Form of Wyoming Montmorillonite 4-35 4.20 Effect of Loading on Distribution Coefficients of Eu(III) on the Sodium Form of Wyoming Montmorillonite 4.36 4.21 Log Kd Versus Loading for 1-1 Exchange • 4-89 4.22 Apparatus for Leach/Migration Experiments in Which Nuclides Leached from a Solidified Waste Form at Elevated Temperature Migrate in Rock Columns 4-93 4.23 Elution of Ionic and Particulate Tracers in the Large Column 4-95 4.24 Elution of Particulate Tracers in the Large and Small Columns 4-96 4.25 Elution of Ionic and Particulate Tracers in the Small Column 4-97 xviii TABLES 1.1 Potentially Disruptive Phenomena for Nuclear Waste Repositories 1-3 1.2 Some Example Input Data for the Pilot Model 1-21 2.1 Leaching Schedule for Doped Waste Glasses 2-4 2.2 Leach Solutions. 2-4 2.3 Chemical Composition of WIPP B Salt Brine 2-5 2.4 Composition of NFS (76-68) Glas...

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