Obesity is associated with autonomic nervous system dysfunction. The aim of the study was to evaluate baroreflex sensitivity, an indicator of autonomic nervous function, in 20 obese children and adolescents in comparison with 20 age- and sex-matched nonobese subjects. All subjects were examined in the supine position over a period of 50 min. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and RR intervals were monitored continuously. Baroreflex sensitivity was assessed by cross-spectral analysis of SBP and RR interval oscillations (BRS index) and SBP and heart rate oscillations (BRSf index) within the low frequency range (0.04-0.15 Hz). Sensitivity was determined in 3 time intervals of 3 min each to evaluate changes during rest. The BRS index was significantly lower in obese children and adolescents than in the nonobese control group (p = 0.002). Significant changes in the BRS index over time (p = 0.004) were found only in nonobese subjects. In contrast, the BRSf index increased over time in both groups (p = 0.01), and no significant between-group difference was detected. In conclusion, obese children and adolescents show decreased resting baroreflex sensitivity with less variation compared with nonobese subjects. The BRS and BRSf indices appear to be only partially correlated.

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Under conditions of heat stress and hyperosmotic dehydration, both animals and humans reduce thermoregulatory evaporation and regulate deep body temperature at elevated levels. Regarding the mechanisms, the main role in producing these thermoregulatory changes during dehydration is attributed to the increased osmolality of body fluids, although the role of the decreased plasma volume without changes in plasma osmolality (hypovolemia/isosmotic dehydration) has not been so far investigated. There are also controversial experimental results regarding the effects of dehydration on heat stress-induced cutaneous vasodilation. Therefore, this paper studied the effects of hypovolemia/isosmotic dehydration on cardiorespiratory responses to hyperthermia and its physical treatment in 17 anaesthetized adult rabbits. The animals were divided into two groups: normovolemic group (NV; n = 10) and hypovolemic group (HV; n = 7). In the HV group, hypovolemia/isosmotic dehydration (decrease in plasma volume by 16.1 +/- 1.2%) was induced by furosemide (5 mg kg-1 i.v.) without change in measured plasma Na+ concentration. Hyperthermia (the rise in body temperature (BT) to 42 degrees C by a gradual body surface heating) caused significant increase in minute ventilation (VE) in both groups. However, VE values were significantly higher in the HV rabbits compared to the NV animals despite the lower breathing frequency (p < 0.05). The panting was absent in the HV rabbits at the BT of 42 degrees C, unlike the NV animals. From cardiovascular variables, the vasoconstrictor response in visceral (mesenteric) region during hyperthermia in hypovolemic/isosmotic animals was attenuated (p < 0.05), whereas the heat stress-induced cutaneous vasodilation was not influenced by hypovolemia. Recovery of the BT by body surface cooling was accompanied by further increase in VE in the NV group, whereas VE decreased (p < 0.05) in the HV animals. Cooling led to recovery of the cardiovascular parameters. There were found no significant cardiorespiratory differences between the groups (NV:HV) during cooling. The lower frequency of breathing and attenuation of the mesenteric vasoconstriction during exogenous hyperthermia are present not only during hyperosmotic dehydration induced by water deprivation, but they also occur under conditions of furosemide-induced isosmotic dehydration/hypovolemia in rabbits. The heat stress-induced cutaneous vasodilation regarding its biological importance was not influenced by hypovolemia/isosmotic dehydration. Therefore, it is suggested that hypovolemia alone is sufficient to produce described respiratory, thermoregulatory and cardiovascular changes in dehydrated rabbits during exogenous hyperthermia, whereas hyperosmolality is not a requisite.