RESUMENLa alimentación representan alrededor del 65% de los costes de producción, por ello debe establecerse como una prioridad. No es suficiente que una dieta cumpla con las necesidades nutricionales de los cerdos, la formulación debe obedecer las normativas oficiales que rigen en cada país para el uso y fabricación de alimentos. Asimismo, el alimento debe ser fácil de conservar y suministrar, asumiendo la gran variedad de instalaciones (comederos y bebederos) utilizadas en las distintas etapas de los cerdos. Sin embargo, el objetivo fundamental de la formulación de una dieta es que contenga los nutrientes necesarios en las cantidades correctas y equilibradas, considerando la etapa fisiológica, peso, edad, sexo, potencial genético, estado de salud, época del año, objetivos productivos y de producto final, así como las limitantes legales. Una vez cumplida la formulación, el siguiente paso es asegurar que ésta sea elaborada bajo condiciones que garanticen la inocuidad, trazabilidad y bajo costo de la misma. A este desafío, se añade la necesidad de cumplir con las normativas ambientales relacionadas con la alimentación y bienestar animal.Palabras Clave: Nutrición, Alimentación, Cerdos.

The follicular fluid manage and keeps the nutrition of the oocyte and granulosa cell, which are develop inside this liquid. As well this fluid contains growth hormones, growth factors, and some micro-minerals as zinc (Zn). Resources report that Zn could avoid the earlier meiotic detention of the gametes, strengthen the structure of the chromatin due to the discovery of the Zn fingers, while also decrease the oxidative damage and inhibit the electrodes transportation by connecting to the Cytochrome b. The goals of this research were to determine the Zn concentration in the follicular fluid of female horses and define suitable concentration and supplementation in an embryonic culture. The first step of this research was to obtain follicular fluid from 23 female horses; these were classified by follicular size: F1 <1 cm, F2 between 1 and 2 cm, F3 >2 cm. The Zn was measured by spectrophotometry atomic absorption (μg mL–1). The use of the statistics program SAS version 9.3 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) with a complementary random model, with factorial adjustments. Significance was established when P < 0.001. Obtaining significant differences on the Zn concentration on different follicles (P < 0001). Group F1 0.68 ± 0.15 μg mL–1, F2 1.42 ± 0.17 μg mL–1, and F3 1.8 ± 0,32. Table 1 shows the results of the volume and total concentration. Results indicate that Zn concentration varies with size and maturity of the follicle. Therefore, Zn required to be supplemented could be different as a function of the follicular development; further studies are required to evaluate the embryonic response to Zn addition in different maturation media and to correlate with survival rates. Table 1.Concentration of zinc in fluid follicular of female horses

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It is known that Zinc (Zn) is important in several aspects of reproduction, including fertility and the production of sexual hormones. The aim of the present study was to evaluate different amounts and types of Zn on ejaculate collection time and training behaviour of young boars. For this purpose, non-castrated domestic boars (York × Landrace, Sus scrofa domesticus), with an average age of 6.8 months and initial weight of 120 kg (body condition score of 3), were assigned to 3 different groups (5 per group). The base diet consisted of cereal-soybean feed, complemented with a mixture of minerals and vitamins without the addition of extra Zn. The Zn concentration was determined using atomic absorption photospectrometry, specifically, with a Varian SpectrAA 220 Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (Varian, Palo Alto, CA, USA) and following manufacturer instructions. The effect of Zn was evaluated by administering the young boars different amounts and sources of the mineral: (1) Control = 25 ppm of Zn, (2) T1 = Control + 125 ppm ZnSO4 (inorganic), and (3) T2 = Control + 125 ppm Zn-methionate (Zn-Met, organic). The boars were given an adaptation period of 15 days to acclimate to the feed, and afterwards they underwent the training process for ejaculate collection for 4 more weeks. Boars were collected an average of 2.95, 2.67, and 2.69 times for Control, T1, and T2. Several variables were used in order to determine the existence of treatment effects, including number of training sessions (NTS); interval between training (days, IBT); false mounts (mounting dummy but dismounting before allowing semen collection, FM); effective mounts (duration of mounting dummy and completion of semen collection, EM); and duration of ejaculation (min, DE). The results were analysed with PROC MIXED using the statistical package SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA), with statistical differences set at α < 0.05. Even though significant differences were not observed between most of the variables analysed (e.g. NTS, FM, EM, DE), differences did exist between treatments for the variable IBT (P = 0.013). Notably, although there was no significant difference between treatments for the variable DE, it was higher for T3 (6.49 min, P = 0.54) than for T1 and T2 (5.87 and 5.27 min, respectively). In conclusion, the addition of 150 ppm of organic Zn (i.e. Zn-Met) significantly reduced the time interval for training the boars, which may be due to a better libido, and demonstrated the importance of considering types and dose amounts of dietary Zn and its effects on reproduction.

Se realizaron dos experimentos para evaluar el efecto de la adición de fitasa fungal (Aspergillus niger) en la actividad de tripsina y quimotripsina y digestibilidad de nutrientes en cerdos cruzados (Yorkshire x Landrace, 11,5 kg peso vivo). En ambos experimentos se empleó una dieta base formulada con sorgo y pasta de soya; los tratamientos (T) fueron los siguientes: T1, dieta base, y T2, base adicionada con 500 unidades de actividad fitásica (FTU) por kg de alimento. En el exp. 1 se utilizaron seis cerdos canulados en conducto pancreático, los cuales fueron adaptados a las dietas durante 5 d, previo a la colecta de muestras. La colección de jugo pancreático se hizo a intervalos de 15 min, de 08:00 a 20:00 h, durante 5 d. El alimento se ofreció dos veces al día (08:00 y 20:00 h). En el exp. 2 se utilizaron 20 cerdos alimentados con dietas similares del exp. 1 para estimar la digestibilidad total aparente de MS, MO, FDN, P, Ca, Mg, Zn y Fe. La fitasa no tuvo efectos en el peso y la longitud del páncreas, ni tampoco en la actividad de la tripsina y de la quimotripsina. La adición de fitasa incrementó la digestibilidad de la proteína (p