IntroductionHaematospermia is an uncommon clinical condition that may be associated with prostate cancer. The optimal investigation of haematospermia is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate haematospermia as a presenting symptom of significant pathology and to assess the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Material and methodsPatient and treatment parameters were collected from a practice cohort of men referred to a urology center presenting with haematospermia. We used a multivariate logistic regression model to test the independent significance of MRI in detecting prostate cancer (PCa) after adjusting for other known predictors of PCa detection.ResultsA total of 125 men (median age 58 years) were evaluated between 2012–2015. In the univariate and multivariate logistic regression model MRI was a significant predictor of PCa diagnosis after adjusting for age, prostate specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal examination (DRE) results (Odds Ratio (OR) 14.15, p = 0.001). Of 107 patients who underwent MRI prostate imaging, 31 (28.9%) had reports suspicious of PCa. In 26 patients, other benign conditions were detected on MRI. PCa was detected in 12 (25.5%) of the 47 men (median age 61 years; range 43 to 85) who underwent prostate biopsies. Eight (17%) of these patients had Gleason ≥7 grade cancer. The persistence of haematospermia was not an independent predictor of cancer diagnosis (OR 0.20, p = 0.15).ConclusionsPCa is not commonly associated with haematospermia. MRI seems to be improving detection rate of a significant PCa, particularly in patients presenting with haematospermia and normal PSA levels and DRE examination. Duration of haematospermia does not predict the presence of PCa.

BACKGORUND. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a major health problem. The complications of this condition decrease the quality of life. Patients with OSAS present an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases: arterial hypertension, heart failure, myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, stroke. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The patients included in the study were divided into 4 groups, depending on the value of the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI): Control Group A with AHI<5; Group B – mild apnea, 5<AHI<15; Group C – moderate apnea, 16<AHI<30; Group D – severe apnea, AHI >30. AHI and heart rate at different sleep stages were correlated. RESULTS. 133 patients were analyzed. The average age was 47 years±15 years, and the gender distribution shows women 21.1% and men 78.9%. The average value of oxygen saturation was 90.45±4.99%. The average value of heart rate during sleep was 104±67.7 beats/minute. The heart rate was variable depending on the sleep stage, with p = 0.0089 regardless of the sleep stage. CONCLUSION. It can be argued that sleep apnea is a factor that interferes with the adaptive mechanisms of heart rate during sleep. Polysomnographic evaluation of sleep stages and clinical examination of patients with OSAS allow the initiation of treatments to prevent the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases.

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