The effectiveness of ultrasonication as a pre-treatment method for the psychrophilic anaerobic treatment of aquaculture effluents was assessed using a 4 l solids digester. Ultrasonication of aquaculture wastewater was found to enhance the removal of chemical oxygen demand by anaerobic digestion by almost 10%. There was also a concurrent increase in total biogas production from 0.29 l day(-1) to 0.45 l day(-1) with a corresponding 10% increase in methane concentration. Furthermore, there was an increase of 60% in effluent total ammonia nitrogen concentration as a result of sonication in comparison with a 45% increase for untreated digester waste.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Current FDA approved culture-based methods for the bacterial testing of platelet concentrate (PC) can yield false negative results attributed to Poisson-limited sampling errors incurred near the time of collection that result in undetectable bacterial concentrations. Testing PC at the point-of-issue (POI) extends the incubation period for any contaminant bacteria increasing the probability of detection. Data are presented from time-course experiments designed to simulate POI testing of bacterially contaminated PCs at different stages of growth using differential impedance sensing. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Whole blood-derived PCs were typically spiked with low numbers of bacteria (~100 CFU/mL) and incubated under standard PC storage conditions. Each infected unit was evaluated every two hours over a 12- hour period. All samples were treated with a chemical compound that induces stress in the bacterial cells only. The development of any bacterial stress was monitored by detecting changes in the dielectric properties of the PC using differential impedance. RESULTS Differential impedance measurements and corresponding cell counts at the different time points are presented for six organisms implicated in post-transfusion septic reactions. All infected PCs were detected once contaminant bacteria reached concentrations ranging between 0.6 × 103 and 6 × 103 CFU/mL irrespective of the phase of growth. Results were obtained within 30 minutes after the start of the assay and without the need for cell lysis or centrifugation. CONCLUSION Differential impedance sensing can detect bacterial contamination in PC rapidly at concentrations below clinical thresholds known to cause adverse effects.