Paris polyphylla is an important threatened medicinal plants found mainly in the north eastern parts of India. These rhizomatic plants are in great demands and extracted injudiciously from the wild. The rhizome is the economic part which is used for its various medicinal properties. The present article gives an account of updated information on its phytochemical and pharmacological properties and its ethno medicinal uses on account of the tale from the local people and veds, literature and their conservation aspects in the region. The review reveals that wide numbers of phytochemical constituents have been isolated from these plants. The rhizomes of the several species of the genus Paris have been used as haemostatic and anti-inflammatory agent to treat traumatic injuries, snake bites, abscess, parotitis and mastitis. For the last few decades or so, extensive research work has been done to prove its biological activities and pharmacology of its extracts. Excessive injudicious collection and harvesting from the wild has pushed these species towards extinction. Domestication, cultivation and strict laws are the need of the hour to save these species from extinction.

Amblypharyngodon mola and Pethia ticto are small indigenous fish species belonging to family cyprinidae and considered as primary freshwater fish widely distributed in Indian subcontinent including Sundarban region. The 96-h median lethal salinity (MLS 96 h) level of these fish was found out by exposing to saline water (0-10 ppt) in direct transfer method. The 96-h median lethal salinity for A. mola was found to be 6.20 ppt with 95% confidence intervals of 4.38-7.09 ppt where as for P. ticto it was 6.12 with 95% confidence intervals of 3.67-7.07 ppt. The Probit showed that at 6.12-6.20 ppt, 50% of the both test species shows sensitivity to salinity that leads to mortality. The regression analysis indicated that the mortality rate is positively correlated with salinity concentration having a regression coefficient close to 1.0 in each case. Various levels of external stress responses were noticed at 8 and 10 ppt salinity. The study suggests that these fish can potentially be used as a candidate species for aquaculture in slight brackishwater areas of Sundarban. However, further studies are required to understand the ecosystem based adaptation processes at higher salinity levels.

Aims: The study aimed to analyze the common, technical, economical, and marketing constraints faced by the cabbage farmers in East Khasi Hills district of Meghalaya (2019-2020). Study Design: Purposive random sampling was employed in this study.  One District and two blocks were selected purposively on the basis of their highest contribution to the area and production of cabbage further villages and respondents were selected randomly. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the Mawrykneng and Mawkynrew blocks of East Khasi Hills District of Meghalaya. Five villages namely Umphyrnoi, Sohryngkhem, Rapleng, Tynroit and Tangsning were selected and 80 cabbage growers were selected for the study. The data was collected for the period of 2019-to 2020. Methodology: The Garette ranking technique was worked out to analyze the constraints. Results: The major economical constraints observed were high initial investment with the garette score of (77.95), followed by costly plant material (76.39).  The major marketing constraints were high fluctuations in the market prices (63.22), and a lack of cooperative market (55.11). The top technical constraints were control of pests and diseases (53.35), water management (52.63), and the common constraints were lack of knowledge on the recommended package of practices (59.43) and labor problems (52.08). Concluding remarks: Adequate need-based training programs may enhance the production of cabbage and thereby increases the farm income. Proper marketing channels and infrastructural development will help the growers fetch remunerative price for their produce.

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To assess the expertise of rubber growers, a knowledge test was created. The majority of the 37 questions were created by endorsing reasonable thinking above root memorization and to distinguish between competent rubber growers who are less competent. The results of the sample respondents' scores were subjected to item analysis, which included calculating the item difficulty index and the item discrimination index. The scale used for the final selection has 17 items with difficulty indices between 36.66 and 60 and discrimination indices between 0.58 and 0.73. The reliability of the knowledge test under development was examined using the Split-Half method, and it was found to be 0.722. Aims: To construct a knowledge test to assess rubber growers’ knowledge on Rubber Plantation Development and Extension Scheme. Study Design:  Descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: Karimganj, Assam, between January 2021 and December 2022. Methodology: A no. of items were collected and 37 items were kept. The majority of the 37 questions were created by endorsing reasonable thinking above root memorization and to distinguish between competent rubber growers who are less competent. 37 questions were pretested to 30 random rubber growers.  Results The results of the sample respondents' scores were subjected to item analysis, which included calculating the item difficulty index and the item discrimination index. Conclusion: The scale used for the final selection has 17 items with difficulty indices between 36.66 and 60 and discrimination indices between 0.58 and 0.73. The reliability of the knowledge test under development was examined using the Split-Half method, and it was found to be 0.722.