Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease affecting several mammalian species, including human beings. In dogs, it is spread mainly by rodents that act as a maintenance host for several Leptospira serovars. Until recently, the most common signs observed in affected dogs consisted of icterus and haemorrhagic diathesis, but today the most prevalent clinical signs are attributed to acute renal failure. The current literature gives a good review of leptospirosis in dogs in the USA and Canada, but less information is available about its occurrence in Europe. This review considers the clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of this emerging zoonotic disease.
Recent information regarding clinical leptospirosis inEurope is sparse in comparison with information about this disease in the United States and certain other countries. A retrospective study describing seven clinical cases of dogs diagnosed with leptospirosis on the basis of a MAT (Microscopic Agglutination Test), serology or autopsy at the Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Ghent University, between January 2003 and October 2005 is presented. All the dogs had non-specific clinical signs and presented with acute renal failure, with or without signs of liver insufficiency and/or bleeding tendencies. In the three dogs in which a MAT was performed, the highest antibody titers were found against Leptospira serogroup Pomona (n=2) and Javanica (n=1). It is recommended to treat every patient with clinical signs and laboratory abnormalities of acute renal failure without a known cause with penicillin derivatives until specific testing confirms or rules out leptospirosis. SAMENVATTINGRecente informatie aangaande klinische leptospirose in Europa is schaars in vergelijking met de informatie over deze ziekte in de Verenigde Staten en enkele andere landen. Een retrospectieve studie van zeven klinische gevallen van honden gediagnosticeerd met leptospirose op basis van een MAT (Microscopic Agglutination Test), serologie of een autopsie bij de vakgroep Medische en Klinische Biologie van de Kleine Huisdieren, Universiteit Gent, tussen januari 2003 en oktober 2005 wordt beschreven. Alle honden vertoonden aspecifieke klinische tekenen ten gevolge van een acute nierinsufficiëntie, met of zonder tekenen van leverinsufficiëntie en/of bloedingsneiging. Van de drie honden waarbij een MAT werd uitgevoerd, was de hoogste antistoftiter versus Leptospira serogroep Pomona (n=2) en Javanica (n=1). Elke patiënt met klinische tekenen en laboratoriumafwijkingen die wijzen op acute nierinsufficiëntie zonder gekende oorzaak dient behandeld te worden met penicillinederivaten totdat specifieke testresultaten leptospirose bevestigen of uitsluiten.
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