It is shown that laser action at 3371 A terminates in times t < (tau(32)(-1) + Y(3))(-1), where tau(32) is the lifetime of the transition of C(3)pi(u) --> B(3)pi(g) and Y(3) is the electron depopulation rate of the upper laser level. Following Gerry but including electron impact mixing of laser levels, rate equations, coupled to the circuit equation, were solved under saturation approximations. Assuming a Seaton excitation cross section between laser levels, with an effective Gaunt factor of 0.25, power and pulse width were in good agreement with Shipman's values. The rate equations were also solved without recourse to the saturation approximation yielding excellent agreement with the saturation method during most of the pulse and indicating the existence of an early oscillation which is not predicted by the saturation approximation method. Finally, the inclusion of the electron impact ionization of he nitrogen molecule from the excited state C(3)pi(u) brings the pulse width to still better agreement with Shipman's values.

OBJECTIVE This study uses Leader-Member Exchange theory to explore the associations between contact frequency (CF) of nurse leaders and their team members, leader-member relationship, and patient safety culture. BACKGROUND Leader-member relationships are an important part of patient safety culture development. The behaviors of leaders to achieve these relationships are unknown. This study explores CF as a leader behavior to improve patient safety culture. METHODS Cross-sectional survey of bedside nurses (N = 746) from an 8-hospital system. RESULTS A significant association was found between relationship strength and patient safety culture; CF's effect on relationship and patient safety culture was demonstrated. CONCLUSION Contact frequency may support relationships between leaders and members and improve patient safety culture on nursing units. Future studies should explore factors that could be enhancing and limiting CF.

No abstract

No abstract