Patient’s compliance can be enhanced by using extended release drug delivery systems which allow decreasing the number of daily doses, and helping to maintain uniform drug levels and increase the safety margin for high-potency drugs. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) is the most commonly used hydrophilic polymer for the preparation of oral controlled drug delivery systems. This research was conducted with the aim of  developing matrix based oral controlled release tablets for the drug diclofenac sodium using different viscosity grades of HPMC (K15M) and to compare the  drug release characteristics with those of a commercial product, Voltaren® SR 100. Similarity factor (f2), values in between test formulation and marketed preparation was calculated to choose the best formulation. The release kinetics from various matrices was also studied. Increasing in polymer content reduced the rate of drug release. At the same polymer content in the matrix, the drug release was most sustained with tablets prepared using HPMC (K15M). Out of all the formulations studies, matrix tablets containing 40% of HPMC (K15M) showed comparable dissolution profile to that of the marketed preparation as indicated by a similarity factor value of (f2) 88.30%. The release of drug from marketed preparation and matrix with HPMC (K15M) 40% was found to be a diffusion drug mechanism as per Higuchi equation.

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The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities have been performed using methanol fruit extract of Artocarpus altilis. Results of the phytochemical screening revealed that methanolic extract of A.altilis fruits contain flavonoids, phenols, steroids and glycosides. The investigation on these constituents was done using the phytochemical screening with modification. The soxhlet apparatus was employeded to extract the dried plant using methanol as a solvent. It was observed that the extract has characteristics of antioxidant using DPPH assay. The antibacterial and antifungal potential of methanolic fruit extract were studied against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella spp, Penicillium notatum, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. This test was performed by using disc-diffusion method with different concentrations of fruit extract. It was found that one bacterial species (i.e. Staphylococcus aureus) showed inhibition zone with maximum (zone of inhibition≈15mm) using 150 mg/ml of fruit extract.Methanolic extracts of A. altilis had no effect on growth of the remaining microorganisms. The phytoconstituents and characteristics of microorganisms might be responsible for the antimicrobial activity of the extract. Further purifications of secondary metabolites and structural studies may lead to the isolation of the active compounds.

One hundred random samples of raw buffalo and pasteurized cow milk (50, each) were collected from different localities of Sharkia Governorate for the detection of E. coli. The isolates were screened by PCR for virulence associated genes as well as antibiotic sensitivity test to determine the most effective antimicrobial agent. Furthermore, an experimental study was carried out to detect the influence of pasteurization and processing of kariesh cheese and yoghurt on E. coli O 111 :H 8 inoculated in milk with the concentration of 10 8 CFU/mL. The obtained results showed that the occurrence of E. coli in the examined raw buffalo and pasteurized cow milk samples were 66% and 30%, respectively. Serogrouping of E. coli isolates revealed that O128, O26 and O111 were recorded as the most frequent O-serogroups. The sensitivity test showed that E. coli isolates were more sensitive to gentamicin (79.2%), followed by ciprofloxacin (70.8%) and colistin (68.8%). However, the examined isolates were completely resistant to erythromycin (100%) followed by sulphamethazole-trimethoprim (79.2%). Molecular identification of virulence associated genes revealed stx1, stx2 and eaeA genes. The experimental study showed that milk pasteurization was more effective on E. coli O 111 :H 8 survival at refrigeration temperature compared with processed products such as kariesh cheese and yoghurt.

Extensive research has been conducted in the recent years with a focus on drug administration via the skin for both topical and systemic drug delivery. Understanding the drug permeation through the skin is crucial for the development of an optimal product. In this study, the permeation of gentamicin through the pig's ear was evaluated. Both plugged and non-plugged skin was used. In non-plugged skin, the hair follicle orifices were open and a significant amount of gentamicin was detected. However, plugged skin, in which hair follicle orifices were artificially blocked, gentamicin can only penetrate to a less extent through interfollicular epidermis and possible through sweat glands. The study was performed using a Franz-type diffusion cell for 24 hours. The samples were withdrawn for each time interval and were analyzed by UV spectrophotometer. Cumulative amount of permeated gentamicin was compared using the drug concentration. The difference in the percentage of drug permeated through plugged and non-plugged was 44.8 %. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the follicular route is an important route for the drug delivery through the skin.