ObjectiveTo analyse the incidence of diseases and injuries suffered by athletes participating in the 27th Winter Sports Universiade held in Granada, Spain.MethodsThe daily occurrence of injuries and diseases was registered at the point of first aid (Borreguiles, 2665 metres above sea level (masl)) and in the clinic of Pradollano (2017 masl), both in Sierra Nevada, as well as in medical services provided by the organising committee of Granada 2015 Universiade and located in sport pavilions in which indoor competitions are held.ResultsA total of 1109 athletes (650 men, 58.61%; 459 women, 41.39%). Nine diseases and 68 injuries were recorded. In total, the rate of injury was 6.13% (7.07% for men and 4.79% for women). The percentage of injury was highest in alpine skiing (10.34%) followed by freestyle skiing (8.62%). In relation to the time of exposure, freestyle skiing showed the shortest time of exposure (0.31 hours) before suffering an injury. Short track speed skating showed the longest exposure (9.80 hours), before suffering an injury. The most common anatomical areas of injury were the head, shoulder and knee (13.23%). Only nine diseases were suffered (four women and five men) of which six were infections, one was a friction burn, one was a lipothymy and one a cluster headache due to height.ConclusionIn general, 6.13% of the athletes sustained at least one injury and 0.81% a disease, which is a much lower percentage than that recorded in similar events. The incidence of injuries and diseases varied among sport specialities.

Background Altitude training produces advantages over sea level training, but athletes require acclimatization to avoid discomfort or mountain sickness, in which the blood pressure control is essential. Objective To investigate the infl uence of moderate altitude on blood pressure and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems in a women's volleyball team (Honor Division -Spain). Design We assessed 14 elite female volleyball players: 2 weeks under normoxia conditions (640 m above sea level), 2 weeks under relative hypoxia (2450 m, at the High Performance Centre of Sierra Nevada, Granada, Spain) and two fi nal weeks back to normoxia. Setting and participants 14 women (mean age 23±2.8 years; height: 184.9±6.9 cm; weight: 73.1±6.2 kg). All players who started the study completed it. None of the participants reported ingesting contraceptives or hormonal treatments. Interventions The volleyball players trained twice/day (3 h/ session). The blood pressure was measured at rest in the morning, during and after physical exercise (both in the morning and in the afternoon season), as well as in urine/24 h the renin, angiotensin and aldosterone, renal water excretion and urinary volume every 5 days. Independent variable: Altitude. Dependent variables: Renin, angiotensin, aldosterone 24/h urinary levels; rest, pre and posttraining blood pressure. ResultsThe aldosterone levels decreased in the fi rst hypoxic week (157.09 pg/ml; p<0.05 respect to level), as well as renin levels (12.82 pg/ml p<0.05 respect to level). There was an increase in renal water excretion (25 701.36 ml/day with a p<0.05). The diastolic blood pressure posttraining showed changes between the hypoxia and normoxia (69.72±12.3 vs 73.45±14.9 mm Hg p<0.05). Conclusions Renin is reduced under hypoxia. Post-exercise diastolic blood pressure changes signifi cantly at altitude with less venous return and may explain symptoms of mountain sickness.

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Background The 12-lead ECG is not only necessary for diagnosing the sports aptitude of players, but it also provides information on their training condition and cardiovascular adaptations to exercise. Objective To determine the electrocardiographic adaptations of high-level volleyball players and relate them to their level of training. Design Retrospective study over the course of 18 years, from 1992 to 2009. We analyzed the ECGs taken at the start of each season as part of routine medical test. We analyzed 1080 ECGs (15 players/18 years/4 teams – two male and two female). Setting and participants Male and female youth and Honor Division teams from the same club. 180 women (94 youth, 86 senior) and 210 men (126 youth, 84 senior) (mean age, height, weight). Intervention In August–September of each season, a resting ECG was taken for each player to determine pre-competitive fitness. Independent variables: sex, age, years of training. Dependent variables: P waves, QRS, T in duration and voltage and ECG evaluation (axes). Results ECG/player Average: 5.6±1.9, FC resting: 66.3±3 bpm. Left ventricular hypertrophy: 38.95%±8.9; Right ventricular hypertrophy: 12.77%±3.4. Right Bundle Branch Block: 25.64%±8.3. Participants who required echocardiography: eight players: ST segment depression. five players: Inverted or flattened T wave in two or more leads. Three men and two women: Corrected QT interval prolongation in heart rate (QTc)> 0.44 s in men and> 0.46 s in women. Echocardiography ruled out organic disease. There were no differences in terms of years of training or level. Conclusions Electrocardiographic adaptations in volleyball are similar to those in the literature for team sports. There was no pathological study and all were declared fit for the high-level sport.

Warm-up is believed to be one of the most important factors in achieving an optimal performance in all sports. Its purpose is to promote physical capacities such as strength, endurance, flexibility, and to prepare the body for physical activity, increasing the body temperature, the speed of the neuromuscular responses and is also found to prevent tendon and ligament injuries. A specific warm-up to jump and sprinting in team sports may require a large use of energy and can be potentially harmful when it is too long or is done in haste. Sometimes the athlete might not perform a specific warm-up or he might do so in a hurry, which can also lead to an injury risk due to technical, tactical or regulative reasons.The purpose of this study is to determine whether an aerobic warm-up carried out on a cycle ergometer has an influence on the vertical jump performance.Participants included 25 football players’ males (2nd Division B, Group IV. Spanish Football League; aged 22.7 ± 3.3 years). The jump tests were performed on successive days. On the first day they were made without warm-up (T1). The next day jump tests were performed after a warm-up on a bicycle ergometer (T2). The warm-up had two phases of 5 minutes each Phase 1: Pedalling for 5 minutes at 114.8 ± 8.3 beats/min (bpm) with a medium absolute power intensity of 112.2 ± 13.2 watts (w), Phase 2: Pedalling for 5 minutes at 147.2 ± 6.7 bpm (197.5 ± 38.4 w).The Jump tests were carried out according to the following pattern: 5 free vertical jumps (J1); repeated vertical jumps during 10 seconds (J2) and repeated vertical jumps during 60 seconds (J3) with a 3 minute rest between tests. Heart rate was measured at rest and while performing.In J1, the height of the jump went from 41.9 cm ± 5.4 without warm-up to 43.9 cm ± 5.8 after pedalling; (F = 806.0; p = 0.001), the flight increased in time (492.21 ± 45.7 ms vs 508.35 ± 47.5 ms p ≤ 0.001), the contact with the ground decreased (217.4 ± 46.5 ms vs 211.2 ± 23.6 ms p ≤ 0.001) (table1) and the maximum heart rate raised 111.2 ± 22.1 bpm vs 130.0 ± 13.8 bpm (table 3). In J2 the height implies the jump went from 24.9 cm ± 5.3 to 25.0 cm ± 4.9 (F = 329.3; p < 0.001). In T3 the height show the jump went from 21.1 cm ± 4.5 to 21.3 cm ± 4.2 (F = 328.2; p < 0.001) (Table 2). The number of jumps in J2 went from 15.7 ± 1.7 to 15.6 ± 0.9 (p < 0.01) and in J3 from 97.5 ± 6.6 to 96.6 ± 7.2 (p < 0.01) (Table 2).This study proves that two phases of 5 minute warm-ups on a bicycle ergometer improves both the vertical jump performance and the heart rate throughout the process; therefore we can conclude that pedalling may be included in the protocol of warm-up in the jump sports disciplines.Abstract P-70 Table 1Mean ± SD of the variables of the jump test T1 □±SD T2 □±SD Difference mean Significance 5 Free jump (J1) Average height (cm)41.9 ± 5.443.9 ± 5.82.00.001Maximum height (cm)43.4 ± 5.645.8 ± 6.02.40.001Time of flight (ms)492.2 ± 45.7508.3 ± 47.516.10.000 Jump Test 10” (J2) Height of jump (cm)24.9 ± 5.325.1 ± 4.90.1NsTi...