SPARC (acronym of ‘‘Sorgente Pulsata ed Amplificata di Radiazione Coerente’’, i.e. Pulsed and\ud Amplified Source of Coherent Radiation) is a single pass free-electron laser designed to obtain high gain\ud amplification at a radiation wavelength of 500 nm. Self-amplified spontaneous emission has been\ud observed driving the amplifier with the high-brightness beam of the SPARC linac. We report measurements\ud of energy, spectra, and exponential gain. Experimental results are compared with simulations from\ud several numerical codes

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Electron energy distribution functions (EEDF) in a XeCl laser have been obtained by solving the time-dependent Boltzmann equation coupled to the circuit equations, plasmachemistry, and photon kinetics. The results show that in some zones of temporal evolution, EEDF does not instantaneously follow the alteration of electric field. Moreover, electron-electron and superelastic collisions play a non-negligible role in affecting EEDF and related quantities.

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