Cadmium transfer from whole milk to cream, rennet, or lactic curds was studied before and following a repeated oral cadmium administration to three lactating ewes and one cow. Before cadmium administration, the cadmium levels in milk were around 0.4 microg/L in ewes and less than 0.2 microg/L in cow. Throughout cadmium administration the mean cadmium levels in milk were 3.3+/-1.4 microg/L in ewes and 2.5+/-1 microg/L in cow. During cadmium administration, 86% of cadmium in ewe milk was dispersed in the skimmed milk and 17% in the cream, whereas only 72% was dispersed in the cow skimmed milk and 27% in the cow cream. Most of milk cadmium was associated with casein fractions. About 70% of milk cadmium was transferred to the rennet or lactic curds of ewe. The remaining cadmium present in whole milk, about 9%, was transferred to the rennet or lactic curd whey. In cow, the proportion of cadmium associated with rennet or lactic curds, rennet curd whey, and lactic curd whey was, respectively, 60%, 56%, 14% and 12% of total milk cadmium. The fraction of total cadmium transferred from milk to its milk products, whatever the species, ranged from 94% to 103%. The factor of concentration of cadmium from whole milk to milk products ranged from three to six. We suggest that the excretion of cadmium into milk is mainly achieved via the milk casein secretion. This is, to our knowledge, the first in vivo study where the cadmium transfer from milk to its milk products after repeated cadmium oral administration to ewe and cow has been studied.
-Transfer of cadmium from goat milk to cream and to rennet and lactic curds. Two groups of 3 Saanen goats received a normal diet for 4 weeks; then the animals were given a cadmium (Cd)-supplemented diet; one group was fed 2 mg·kg -1 ·d -1 Cd (as cadmium chloride); the other group was fed 4 mg·kg -1 ·d -1 . Every week, one day's milks were skimmed and then transformed into cheese curds either by rennet coagulation or by lactic acidification using Lactococcus lactis. Prior to Cd administration, milk Cd levels ranged from less than 0.2 to 0.3 µg·L -1 . During Cd administration, Cd levels ranged from 0.85 to 4.6 µg·L -1 in the milks used for cheese making. The transfer of Cd from milk to cream and curds varied widely around mean values, but did not seem to be correlated with Cd concentration in the milk. The mean Cd concentration factor was 3.3 ± 0.7 in the cream, 3.5 ± 0.5 in lactic curds and 5.6 ± 0.8 in rennet curds. A quarter of the Cd contained in the original milk was found in the cream (25.3 ± 6%), about 60% in the curds (59.0 ± 8.3% in rennet curds and 56.7 ± 7.7% in lactic curds). The present study confirms previous results regarding Cd concentration in dairy products, and shows that a Cd concentration higher than 5 µg·kg -1 in French cheese can only be explained by contamination during the cheese-making process.
El estudio se llevó a cabo en la Facultad de Ciencias Pecuarias ESPOCH, donde se elaboró una mermelada de arazá y babaco; con el objetivo de aportar valor agregado a estas frutas, utilizando stevia en diferentes niveles 2, 4, 6 %, como sustituto del azúcar blanco, para el análisis estadístico se aplicó un diseño complemente al azar (DCA) de cuatro tratamientos con cuatro repeticiones y 200g por unidad experimental, la acidez, azúcares reductores y Brix presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas para una significancia p<0,05. El nivel 6% muestra mejores características nutricionales Proteína 1,33 %, Fibra 3,29 %, Extracto Etéreo 0,19%, Cenizas 0,28 %, Extracto libre no Nitrogenado 5,19 % y menor valor calóricos 17,81 Kcal/ g. No se encontraron diferencias significativas para Vitamina C ni se reportaron microorganismos, el producto de mayor aceptación sensorial fue el nivel 6% y con un beneficio costo de 1,30 en dólares americanos. Se recomienda utilizar el nivel 6% stevia en la elaboración de mermeladas y otros productos dietéticos para personas con diabetes y problemas nutricionales.
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