Glucosinolates are secondary plant compounds typically found in members of the Brassicaceae and a few other plant families. Usually each plant species contains a specific subset of the ∼ 130 different glucosinolates identified to date. However, intraspecific variation in glucosinolate profiles is commonly found. Sinalbin (4-hydroxybenzyl glucosinolate) so far has been identified as the main glucosinolate of the heavy metal accumulating plant species Noccaea caerulescens (Brassicaceae). However, a screening of 13 N. caerulescens populations revealed that in 10 populations a structurally related glucosinolate was found as the major component. Based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry analyses of the intact glucosinolate as well as of the products formed after enzymatic conversion by sulfatase or myrosinase, this compound was identified as 4-α-rhamnosyloxy benzyl glucosinolate (glucomoringin). So far, glucomoringin had only been reported as the main glucosinolate of Moringa spp. (Moringaceae) which are tropical tree species. There was no apparent relation between the level of soil pollution at the location of origin, and the presence of glucomoringin. The isothiocyanate that is formed after conversion of glucomoringin is a potent antimicrobial and antitumor agent. It has yet to be established whether glucomoringin or its breakdown product have an added benefit to the plant in its natural habitat.

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A bstractThe following metabolites of sulfadiazine (S) were isolated from monkey urine by preparative HPLC: 5-hydroxysulfadiazine (50H), 4-hydroxysulfadiazine (40H) and the glucuronide (SOHgluc) and sulfate conjugate of 50H (50Hsulf). The compounds were identified by NMR, mass and infrared spectrometry and hydrolysis by /3-glucuronidase. The analysis of S, the hydroxymetabolites (40H, 50H) and conjugates N4-acetylsulfadiazine (N4), SOHgluc and 50Hsulf in human and monkey plasma and urine samples was performed using reversed-phase gradient HPLC with UV detection. In plasma, S and N4 could be detected in high concentrations, whereas the other metabolites were present in only minute concentrations. In urine, S, the metabolites and conjugates were present. The limit of quantification of the compounds in plasma varies between 0.2 and 0.6 /¿g/ml (S 0.31, N4 0.40, 40H 0.20, 50H 0.37, SOHgluc 0.33 and SOHsulf 0.57 ¿tg/ml). In urine it varies between 0.6 and 1.1 /¿g/ml (S 0.75, N4 0.80, 40H 0.60, 50H 0.80, SOHgluc 0.80 and SOHsulf 1.1 ¿¿g/ml). The method was applied to studies with healthy human subjects and Rhesus monkeys. The metabolites 5OH, SOHgluc and 50Hsulf were present in Rhesus monkey and not in man. Preliminary results of studies of metabolism and pharmacokinetics in Rhesus monkey and man are presented. Subject and monkeysA single oral dose of 500 mg S was adminis tered to one healthy human subject (male, 35 years old, 85 kg, slow acetylator of sulfonamides) with 100 ml of tap water after an overnight fast. The study had the approval of the hospital ethics committee and informed consent was obtained from the volunteer.Rhesus monkeys were obtained from the Cen tral Animal Laboratory, University of Nijmegen and the Laboratory Animals Breeding Ex perimental Farm of Shunde Guangdong (Beijing, China). One Rhesus monkey (female, 5 years old and weighing about 5 kg) was housed in a metabolic cage and fed orally with 50 mg/kg of sulfadiazine and serial plasma and urine samples were collected for 2 days. Three Rhesus monkeys (female, 4-5 years old and weighing about 5 kg) obtained from the Central Animal Laboratory, University of Nijmegen, were housed in a meta bolic cage and fed orally for 5 days with 50 mg/kg of sulfadiazine and all urine was collected for 6 days. The study had the approval of the ethics committee of the Animal Laboratory. SamplingBlood samples of 2 ml were drawn from the volunteer and collected in heparinized Eppendorf vials (2 ml) at regular time intervals during 2 days after administration by means of fingertip puncture with Monolet lancets (Monoject, St. Louis, MO, USA). After centrifuging at 3000 g for 5 min, plasma samples were stored at -20°C pending analysis.Urine was collected from untimed voiding. The total time of sample collection was 96 h. Three samples of 7 ml of each void were stored at -20°C pending analysis.Blood samples of 2 ml were drawn from the monkey by puncture of the vena mediana and collected in heparinized Eppendorf vials at 0.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 24 and 48 h ...

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