No abstract

This study aims to determine the operational performance of the engine with the mechanism of the variable valve timing intelligent, testing the performance of the engine on the parameters of thermal efficiency, power, fuel consumption, and exhaust gas results. All tests weres conducted using the dynotest, and the fuel consumption was measured using the flowmeter technogerma. The data obtained will then be processed and the calculation of the performance of thermal and power efficiency using the calculation method using the Otto constant volume cycle. The results of testing the engine’s operational performance with the mechanism of variable valve timing intelligent are expected to get the results of the thermal volume constant indicator of 0.50-0.70, the value of the generated power of 69kW at 6000 rpm, torque of 122 at 4200 rpm, and the results of material consumption specific fuel below 270 g/kW.h or around 0.200-0.220 kg/PS. Hours.

This study aims to explain the importance of the strategy that must be taken by countries that are directly involved in war, such as the United States and Afghanistan. On the other hand, this strategy should also become an option for dominant countries in the region, such as China and China-Pakistan. This study tries to use Joseph Nye's theories/concepts, namely hard power, soft power and smart power. Soft power and smart power have been proposed for their application to try to end the violence in Afghanistan when the theory/concept of hard power has not succeeded in making Afghanistan peaceful. The methodology used in this study is explanatory-literary research, which tries to decipher the problem of the theme above based on the literature by explaining the relationship between phenomena recorded through various books, journals and reviews and what is widespread in online media. The result is then the need for a new strategy to try to reconcile the conflict/war in Afghanistan to be taken by the countries involved as well as countries that have a dominant role in Afghanistan such as China and Pakistan as the closest (neighboring) countries. The theoretical implication is that Joseph Nye's theory of soft power and smart power provides a promising solution in the future, even though this theory dates back to 2004. While the practical implications are expected that countries involved in the war and countries that have a dominant role can take this theory as their policy choice to end the conflict in Afghanistan