Two biopesticides Serratia marcescens [Eubacteriales:Enterobacteria] (used at MC 50 , concentration caused 50% malformation )and Bacillus thuringiensis Var. kurstaki (used at LC 50 ) and insect growth regulator Teflubenzuron (used at LC 50 value) were used for treatment of larvae of cotton leaf worm , Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) . Sequential combined Effect was carried out by treating 2 nd instar larvae with LC 50 value of B. thuringiensis or Teflubenzuron then the larvae allowed to pupate on sawdust treated with S. marcescens at MC 50 .The effect of these three agents were assessed by toxicity , fecundity , fertility , phosphatases activity and total carbohydrates . The obtained results revealed that Teflubenzuron is a potent toxin ( LC 50 = 0.113 ppm ) compared to B. thuringiensis ( LC 50 = 165.64 ppm ). On the other hand, the mode of action of S. marcescens is through malformation, the malformation concentration fifty (MC 50 ) is 3.09x10 8 colony forming unit/ml (cfu/ml) . All treatments caused a significant reduction in fecundity and fertility. The sequential combined effect showed more reducing effect on the fecundity and fertility than the individual treatments. Moreover, the activity of phosphatases and total carbohydrates were significantly fluctuated during the different periods of pupal stage. The sequential combined effect of Teflubenzuron with S.marcescence caused more significant effect on alkaline phosphatase activity than the individual treatment with S.marcescence but it was somewhat similar to Teflubenzuron. Also the sequential combined effect treatment of B. thureinginsis with S.marcescence had more effect than the individual treatment either with S.marcescence or B. thureinginsis. Moreover, all treatments caused significant decreases in total carbohydrates during the pupal stage and the sequential combined effect treatments had more decreasing effect than the individual treatments. According to the obtained result, S.marcescence could be considered as a biopesticide , and become more effective when used in sequential treatment with either Teflubenzuron or B. thuringiensis .

This study aimed to evaluate the in-vitro antioxidant activities of Moringa Oleifera Lam (MO) extracts, and their protective effects in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury in rats caused by oxidative damage. The antioxidants activities of ethanolic, aqueous and hexane extracts of different MO edible parts were investigated by DPPH radical scavenging capacity and malondialdehyde (MDA) assays. The ethanolic extracts of different parts of MO were found to have higher antioxidant capacity compared to the aqueous and hexane extracts. The flowers ethanolic extract has the highest total antioxidants capacity among the other different parts of MO follo wed by leaves, pods, roots and finally seeds. HPLC-MS scanning of ethanolic leave extracts showed the presence of flavonoid derivates Apigenin, quercetin and kaempferol in addition to chlorogenic acid. In the hepatoprotective study, either leaves or pods extracts (300mg/Kg bw or 600mg/Kg bw stomach tube orally) were administrated to rats one hour prior to administration of a single dose of APAP (4g/Kg bw by stomach tube orally). The hepatoprotective activity of MO leaves and pods extracts were followed for 21 days by observed in the levels of liver markers such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and the levels of oxidative damage markers including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase (CAT), wich analysed and compared between groups pretreated with MO extracts +APAP to those treated with APAP alone. The outcome of this parameters indicate reduction in the severity of liver damage in group treated with MO extracts + APAP and compared to those treated with APAP alone. Also, histopathological examination of liver tissues of rats treated with MO extracts showed an improvement at the end of experiment. The results of this study indicate the hepatoprotective properties of MO leaves and pods ethanolic extracts against liver injury and thereby signify its traditional use.